Method, apparatus, and article to facilitate evaluation of objects using electromagnetic energy

ABSTRACT

Spectral information may be employed in process control and/or quality control of goods and articles. Spectral information may be employed in process control and/or quality control of media, for example financial instruments, identity documents, legal documents, medical documents, financial transaction cards, and/or other media, fluids for example lubricants, fuels, coolants, or other materials that flow, and in machinery, for example vehicles, motors, generators, compressors, presses, drills and/or supply systems. Spectral information may be employed in identifying biological tissue and/or facilitating diagnosis based on biological tissue.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This disclosure generally relates to evaluation systems, and moreparticularly to systems that evaluate characteristics of an object usingelectromagnetic energy.

2. Description of the Related Art

There are a number of proposed systems that employ spectral analysis oflight received from a sample to recognize the sample.

US Patent Application Publication 2006-0161788 A1 describes full colorspectrum object authentication methods and systems. In particular, aspectrum measuring device measures a region of respective sampledobjects to produce spectral content information that identifies thesampled objects. The spectrum measuring device includes a plurality ofindividual sensors, which preferably includes specialized narrow bandnear-infrared and near-ultraviolet sensors, for example photodiodes orphotomultipliers. Computers employ spectral analysis software togenerate a unique measured pattern, which is then compared withreference patterns stored in a database. The spectral analysis softwaremay be remotely located on a server accessible by the computers. Thespectral analysis is preferably performed using XYZ color spacemodeling, although other color space models may be employed. The regionbeing sampled may be varied to prevent third parties from easilyanticipating the location. Samples may be take from multiple regions toinsure accuracy.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,680 is directed to a device and process formeasuring and analyzing spectral radiation, in particular for measuringand analyzing color characteristics. In particular, a number ofradiation sources are provided in combination with a sensor fordetecting radiation within a desired wavelength range. The radiationsources have spectral characteristics that are linearly independent fromone another, but overlap so that in combination, the radiation sourcesgenerate radiation over the entire desired wavelength range.Alternatively, a single radiation source is provided that generatesradiation over the entire desired wavelength range, in combination witha plurality of sensors that have spectral sensing characteristics thatare linearly independent from one another, but overlap the entiredesired wavelength range. A control unit stores a number of calibrationfunctions with linearly independent spectral characteristics.

The patents and other publications directed to the field of objectauthentication and/or object identification are too numerous todescribe. The above described publication and patent are onlyrepresentative.

BRIEF SUMMARY

It may be useful to determine whether an object being evaluated isidentical to a previously evaluated object; in other words determinewhether an object being sampled is the exact same object as a referenceobject. Alternatively, it may be useful to determine whether an objectbeing evaluated is similar to a reference object; in other wordsdetermine whether an object being sampled is a facsimile of thereference object. In order to uniquely identify a large number ofobjects, it may be useful to collect a large number of distinctreference responses from one or more reference objects. This may bedifficult to do with fixed illumination. This may also be difficult todo when sensing at a limited number of bands. It may also be useful toseparate hardware and/or software functions into separate systems thatmay be remote to one another. Such may reduce costs and/or permit theuse of hardware or software that could not otherwise be financiallyjustified. It may also be useful to apply the object evaluation tospecific applications, for example: manufacturing process control,quality assurance, media authentication, biological tissue recognition,identification, verification, authentication, classification, and/ordiagnostics.

In one aspect, a method of method of facilitating manufacturing ofobjects can be summarized as during a first period, sequentiallyilluminating at least a first portion of an object being manufacturedwith a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a first sequence;during the first period, measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the object beingmanufactured; comparing the measured responses of the first period to afirst set of reference responses to illumination of a reference specimenof an object; and determining whether at least a portion of themanufacturing process is complete based at least in part on thecomparison of the measured responses of the first period to the firstset of reference responses.

In another aspect, a method of facilitating quality control formanufactured objects can be summarized as during a first period,sequentially illuminating at least a first portion of an object beingevaluated with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy; duringthe first period, measuring a plurality of responses to the illuminationfrom at least the first portion of the object being evaluated; comparingthe measured responses of the first period to a set of referenceresponses to illumination of a reference specimen of an object; anddetermining whether the object being evaluated is acceptable at leastpartially based on the comparison.

In yet another aspect, a method of evaluating biological tissue can besummarized as during a first period, sequentially illuminating at leasta first portion of a biological tissue being evaluated with a pluralityof bands of electromagnetic energy in a first sequence; during the firstperiod, measuring a plurality of responses to the illumination from atleast the first portion of the biological tissue being evaluated;comparing the measured responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen ofbiological tissue; and identifying the portion of biological tissuebased at least in part on the comparison of the measured responses ofthe first period to the first set of reference responses.

In still another aspect, a method of method of facilitating diagnosisusing biological tissues can be summarized as during a first period,sequentially illuminating at least a first portion of a biologicaltissue with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a firstsequence; during the first period, measuring a plurality of responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue; comparing the measured responses of the first period to a firstset of reference responses to illumination of a reference specimen ofbiological tissue; and diagnosing at least the first portion ofbiological tissue based at least in part on the comparison of themeasured responses of the first period to the first set of referenceresponses.

In yet still another aspect, a method of verification can be summarizedas during a first period, sequentially illuminating at least a firstportion of a medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in a first sequence; during the first period,measuring a plurality of responses to the illumination from at least thefirst portion of the medium being evaluated that is indicative of both aportion of content and a portion of material of the medium beingevaluated; comparing the measured responses of the first period to afirst set of reference responses; and determining whether the medium isauthenticate based at least in part on the comparison of the measuredresponses of the medium being evaluated to the first set of referenceresponses.

In a further aspect, a system useful in manufacturing of objects can besummarized as means for sequentially illuminating at least a firstportion of an object being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in a sequence that may be varied fromtime-to-time; means for measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the object beingmanufactured during the illumination; and means for determining whetherat least a portion of the manufacturing process is complete based atleast in part on a comparison of the measured responses to a set ofreference responses and based on the sequence of illumination.

In yet a further aspect, a system useful in evaluating manufacturedobjects can be summarized as means for sequentially illuminating atleast a first portion of an object being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy in a sequence that may be varied fromtime-to-time; means for measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the object beingevaluated; and means for determining whether the object being evaluatedis acceptable at least partially based on a comparison of the measuredresponses to a set of reference responses and based on the sequence ofillumination.

In still a further aspect, a system useful in evaluating biologicaltissue can be summarized as means for sequentially illuminating at leasta first portion of a first portion of a biological tissue with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a sequence that may bevaried from time-to-time; means for measuring a plurality of responsesto the illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated; and means for identifying the biological tissuebased at least in part on a comparison of the measured responses to aset of reference responses and based on the sequence of illumination.

In yet still a further aspect, a system useful in evaluating biologicaltissue can be summarized as means for sequentially illuminating at leasta first portion of a first portion of a biological tissue with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a sequence that may bevaried from time-to-time; means for measuring a plurality of responsesto the illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated; and means for diagnosing at least the firstportion of biological tissue based at least in part on a comparison ofthe measured responses to a set of reference responses and based on thesequence of illumination.

In even still a further aspect, a system useful in verification can besummarized as means for sequentially illuminating at least a firstportion of a medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in a sequence that may be varied fromtime-to-time; means for measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the medium beingevaluated; and means for determining whether the medium is authenticatebased at least in part on a comparison of the measured responses to aset of reference responses and based on the sequence of illumination.

In yet even still a further aspect, a method of inspecting manufacturedobjects for deterioration includes during a first period, sequentiallyilluminating at least a first portion of an object being manufacturedwith a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a first sequence;during the first period, measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the object beingmanufactured; comparing the measured responses of the first period to afirst set of reference responses to illumination of a reference specimenof an object; and determining whether the manufactured object hasdeteriorated beyond an acceptable amount based at least in part on thecomparison of the measured responses of the first period to the firstset of reference responses. The reference responses may be indicative ofa product or material that has not deteriorated beyond the acceptableamount or that has deteriorated beyond the acceptable amount.Deterioration may be related to fatigue, cracking, stress or strain, forexample such as is associated with cyclic loading. Deterioration may berelated to environmental factors, for example ultraviolet radiation,wind, temperature fluctuations, freezing, high temperatures, moisture,lightening strikes, etc. Deterioration beyond and acceptable amount mayindicate that the product be removed from service or operation, or mayindicate a need for repair or replacement. An entire surface may beinspected, or portions of a surface known or suspected of beingsusceptible to deterioration may be inspected. Inspection may be routineand periodic or may occur on an ad hoc basis.

In yet even further aspects, systems and methods allow the monitoring ofthe quality or health of goods, products or other materials, and/or withequipment that employ or supply such materials. For example, the qualityor health of materials supplied to machinery may be monitored. Such maybe done with, or without the removal of samples. Materials may includeliquids or other materials that flow, such as gels or particles (e.g.,grain, powder, slurry, etc.) Materials may for example, take the form oflubricants, fuels, and/or coolants. Monitoring the condition ofmaterials may not only supply information about the material itself, butmay also provide information about the condition of the machinery (e.g.,temperature, alignment, wear) and/or system supplying the materials(e.g., condition of filter).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elementsor acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawingsare not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of variouselements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elementsare arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility.Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, are notintended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of theparticular elements, and have been solely selected for ease ofrecognition in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an object evaluation system including ahost system and a plurality of remote test devices, according to oneillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an object evaluation system including ahost system with a plurality of databases associated with respectivefinancial entities, and a plurality of remote test systems, according toanother illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an object evaluation system including ahost system and a test system remotely located from the host system andassociated with a financial entity including a respective database,according to another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway isometric view of a test deviceilluminating an object, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a computing system suitable foruse as the host system of FIGS. 1-3 or other computing system, accordingto one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a data structure of reference datastored in a computer-readable memory, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a computingsystem and a test device remotely located with respect to the hostsystem, the method employing both inherent and conventional encryptiontechniques to operate in a secure manner, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in controllinga manufacturing process, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in controllinga manufacturing process, according to another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in controllinga manufacturing process, according to yet another illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in controllinga manufacturing process, according to still another illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in controllinga manufacturing process, according to a further illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample an object during manufacture, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample an object during manufacture, according to another illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample an object during manufacture, according to still anotherillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample an object during manufacturer, according to a further illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in implementingquality control with respect to manufactured objects, according to oneillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in implementingquality control with respect to manufactured objects, according toanother illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in implementingquality control with respect to manufactured objects, according to yetanother illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in implementingquality control with respect to manufactured objects, according to stillanother illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in identifyingbiological tissue, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 22 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in identifyingbiological tissue, according to another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in identifyingbiological tissue, according to yet another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 24 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or a computing system of an evaluation system useful in identifyingbiological tissue, according to still another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a biological tissue for identification, according one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 26 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a biological tissue for identification, according to anotherillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample biological tissue for identification, according to yet anotherillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample biological tissue for identification, according to still anotherillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample biological tissue for identification, according to a furtherillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 30 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system with additional datathat may be useful with at least some of the previous methods, accordingto one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to perform or facilitatediagnosis based on biological tissue, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 32 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to perform or facilitatediagnosis based on biological tissue, according to another illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to perform or facilitatediagnosis based on biological tissue, according to yet anotherillustrated embodiment.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample biological tissue for diagnosis, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample biological tissue for diagnosis, according to another illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to useful inauthenticating media, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 37 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to useful inauthenticating media, according to another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 38 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to useful inauthenticating media, according to yet another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 39 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to useful inauthenticating media, according to still another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 40 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a medium, according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 41 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a medium, according to another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 42 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a medium, according to yet another illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 43 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a medium, according to a further illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 44 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to classify objects,useful with some of the previous methods, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 45 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to authenticate a mediumbeing evaluated being a copy of an original medium, which may be usefulwith at least some of the previous methods, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 46 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to authenticate a mediumbeing evaluated being an original medium, which may be useful with atleast some of the previous methods, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 47 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a portion of a financial instrument, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 48 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a portion of an identity document, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 49 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a portion of a document bearing a likeness of an individual,according to one illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 50 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test device tosample a portion of a legal document, according to one illustratedembodiment.

FIG. 51 is a flow diagram showing a method of operating a test deviceand/or computing system of an evaluation system to determine additionalinformation, that may be useful in the previous methods, according toone illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 52 shows a test device according to one illustrated embodiment,positioned next to a dime to illustrate a possible size of the testdevice, and with all sources simultaneously illuminated to betterillustrate the various wavelengths of the sources.

FIG. 53 shows the test device of FIG. 52 with one source illuminatedduring operation.

FIG. 54 shows the test device of FIG. 52 with another source illuminatedduring operation.

FIG. 55 shows a monitor and displaying a screen of a user interface,according to an illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 56 shows a test device according to an illustrated embodiment,positioned next to a dime to illustrate a possible size.

FIG. 57 shows a test device being used to test a piece of currency,according to an illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 58 is a schematic diagram showing a test device being used with anoptical filter to perform inspection for fatigue, cracks, stress, strainor other deterioration on a manufactured product such as a portion of anaircraft, according to an illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 59 is a schematic diagram showing a test device being used with alens system which is partially shown in cross-section, to performroutine inspection for fatigue, cracks, or other deterioration in aproduct during the life of the product.

FIG. 60 is a schematic diagram showing a piece of machinery, a supplysystem to supply material to the piece of machinery and test devicespositioned to sample the material supplied to the piece of machinery.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosedembodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognizethat embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specificdetails, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In otherinstances, well-known structures associated with computing systems,networks, servers, microprocessors, memories, buses, and sources ofelectromagnetic energy have not been shown or described in detail toavoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification andclaims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, suchas, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open,inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or“in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification arenot necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Further more, theparticular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or”is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are forconvenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of theembodiments.

The ability to recognize, identify, verify, authenticate and/or classifyobjects has numerous commercial applications.

It may be useful to determine whether an object being evaluated isidentical to a previously evaluated object; in other words determinewhether an object being sampled is the exact same object as a referenceobject. Alternatively, it may be useful to determine whether an objectbeing evaluated is similar to a reference object; in other wordsdetermine whether an object being sampled is a facsimile of thereference object.

For example, it may be useful to determine whether a manufactured objectis identical to a previously evaluated manufactured object. Such may beuseful in authenticating goods, and deterring counterfeiting or graymarketing of goods. For example, it may also be useful to determinewhether other objects, such as paintings or other works of art areidentical to a previously sampled work of art. For example, it may beuseful to determine whether an object being manufactured is similar to apreviously evaluated object. Such may be useful in manufacturing processcontrol and/or quality control.

For example, it may be useful to determine whether a medium is identicalto a previously evaluated medium. For example, it may be useful todetermine whether a medium is similar to a previously evaluated medium.

For example, it may be useful to determine whether a medium such as adocument is identical to a previously evaluated document. For example,it may be useful to determine whether a medium such as a document issimilar to a previously evaluated document. Such may be useful inrecognizing, identifying, verifying, authenticating and/or classifyingfinancial instruments such as currency, checks, bonds, money orders,and/or securities. Such may also be useful in recognizing, identifying,verifying, authenticating and/or classifying identification documents,such as passports, identity cards (e.g., national, state, provincial,military, employer, school, organization), driver's licenses, and/orbirth or naturalization certificates. Such may also be useful inrecognizing, identifying, verifying, authenticating and/or classifyinglegal documents such as licenses, permits, assignments, deeds, wills,declarations, oaths, agreements, pleadings, or motions. Such may beuseful in recognizing, identifying, verifying, authenticating and/orclassifying medical related documents, such as medical records, medicaldata, medical reports, and/or medical images (e.g., X-Ray, CAT scan,MRI, tomography, etc.).

For example, it may also be useful to determine whether a medium such asa financial transaction card is identical to a previously evaluatedfinancial transaction cards. For example, it may be useful to determinewhether medium such as a financial transaction card is similar to apreviously evaluated financial transaction card. Such may be useful indeterring fraud and/or misuse of documents and other media. Such may beuseful in recognizing, identifying, verifying, authenticating and/orclassifying financial instruments such as credit cards, debit cards,and/or gift cards.

Also for example, it may be useful to determine whether a piece ofbiological tissue from a subject is identical to a previously evaluatedpiece of tissue. Also for example, it may be useful to determine whethera piece of biological tissue from a subject is similar to a previouslyevaluated piece of tissue. Such may also be useful in recognizing,identifying, verifying, authenticating, classifying, and/or diagnosingbiological tissue, such as bodily tissue including retinal tissue, skin,blood, bone, hair, organs, etc. For example, such may be used toidentify a subject from which the biological tissue was obtained. Alsofor example, such may be used to assess a condition of the biologicaltissue or subject from which the biological tissue was obtained. Forexample, the biological tissue being evaluated may be compared to normaland/or abnormal reference biological tissue specimens, which may be usedfor diagnosing a condition or characteristic.

It may be particularly useful where the above may occur based on thenatural conditions or attributes of the object, media, or biologicaltissue, without the need to apply dedicated indicia such as serialnumbers, machine-readable symbols (e.g., barcode symbols, area or matrixcode symbols, stack code symbols), and/or radio frequency identification(RFID tags). Such dedicated data carriers may, in some embodiments,provide additional information regarding the object.

All of the above may, or may not, employ additional information aboutthe object to facilitate the process. Additional information may includeone or more measurable or observable physical characteristics of theobject, media or biological tissue, for example, height, weight, age,hair or eye color, gender, location, type, size, denomination, serialnumbers, security features, name, type, serial numbers, date of issue,color, etc. Such additional information may be employed to confirm amatch, or to reduce the number of reference responses for comparisonwith a test response.

The ability to perform such in a network environment may provide avariety of distinct advantages. For example, such may make possible lowcost end user test devices, which share or gain remote access to highercost computing hardware and software. Such may allow the costs of thecomputing hardware and software to be shared over a variety of end usersor financial entities. Such may also allow for “centralization” ofrelatively higher cost computing hardware and software, perhapspermitting use of high speed super-computers that could not otherwise befinancially justified for individual end users or small groups of endusers. Such also may allow for “decentralization” of low cost samplingor test devices. Such may also allow for light weight and/or low powerconsuming test devices. Such may additionally or alternatively permitthe upgrade of previously distributed test devices. Such may also permitthe distribution of work load. Such may also facilitate the backing upof data, and provide for redundancy. Other advantages will be apparentfrom the teachings herein.

FIG. 1 shows an object evaluation system 10 a including one or more hostsystems 12 a and a number of test devices 14 a-14 j (collectively 14)communicatively coupled to the host system 12 a via one or more networks16 a. One or more of the test devices 14 may be remotely located withrespect to the host system 12 a.

The host system 12 may include one or more computing systems 18 a andone or more storage devices or databases 20 a. The computing system 18 amay take any of a variety of forms, for example, personal computers,mini-computers, work stations, or main frame computers. The computingsystem 18 a may, for example, take the form of a server computerexecuting server software. The storage or database 20 a can take avariety of forms, including one or more hard disks or RAID drives,CD/ROMs, or other mass storage devices.

As discussed in detail below, the test devices 14 are operable tosequentially illuminate an object with a number of bands ofelectromagnetic energy. The test devices 14 are also operable to detect,measure or otherwise capture electromagnetic energy reflected, emitted,fluoresced, refracted, diffracted or otherwise transmitted, or otherwisereturned from the object in response to the illumination. As used hereinand in the claims, the terms illuminate, illuminates, illumination, andvariations of such terms mean to expose to or reveal by the use ofelectromagnetic energy or electromagnetic radiation, whether in thevisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the optical portion(e.g., visible, near-infrared, near-ultraviolet), or other portions(e.g., far-infrared, far-ultraviolet, microwave, X-ray, etc.).

The network 16 a can take a variety of forms, for example one or morelocal area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless LANs(WLANs), and/or wireless WANs (WWANs). The network 16 a may employpacket switching or any other type of transmission protocol. The network16 a may, for example, take the form of the Internet or Worldwide Webportion of the Internet. The network 16 a may take the form of publicswitched telephone network (PSTN) or any combination of the above, orother networks.

A number of the test devices 14 a-14 f may be logically or physicallycoupled as a test device system 22 a. The test device system 22 a may,for example, be associated with a single financial entity such as abusiness (e.g., corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, limitedliability company), a division of a business, a non-profit, a government(e.g., federal, state or provincial, county or parish, city or town), ordivision of a government (e.g., agency, department).

The test device system 22 a may include one or more server computersystems 24 a, and/or one or more personal computing systems 26 a, allcoupled by a network 28 a. The network 28 a may take the form of one ormore local area networks (LAN) or wide area networks (WAN) and may ormay not include wired or wireless access. The network 28 a may take theform of an intranet, being restricted to a company or other financialentity. The test device system 22 may, for example, be affiliated with aparticular company or financial entity.

A number of the test devices 14 g-14 h may be wirelessly coupled to thenetwork 16 a. One or more of the remote test devices 14 i may be coupledto the network 16 a via a cradle or other receiver 30. One or more ofthe test devices 14 j may be coupled to the network 16 a via aconventional communications interface, for example a USB port of aconventional computing system 32. One or more of the remote test devices14 k may be coupled to the network 16 a via a wired connection. Forexample, the test device 14 k may include an integrated phone modemallowing the test device 14 k to call into the network 16 a.

FIG. 2 shows an object evaluation system 10 b according to anotherillustrated embodiment.

The object evaluation system 10 b includes a number of distinct testdevice systems 22 b-22 d (collectively 22). The test device systems 22b-22 d employ respective networking systems, for example, servercomputing systems 24 b-24 d and networks 28 b-28 d, respectively, toprovide communication with the test devices 14. The test device systems22 b-22 d may be similar to, or different from, the test device system22 a (FIG. 1) Each of the test device systems 22 b-22 d may, forexample, be associated with a single financial entity such as a business(e.g., corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, limited liabilitycompany), a division of a business, a non-profit, a government (e.g.,federal, state or provincial, county or parish, city or town), ordivision of a government (e.g., agency, department). Some of the testdevice systems 22 c-22 d may include a wired connection to the network16 a, while other of the test device systems 22 b may include a wirelessconnection to the network 16 a.

The object evaluation system 10 b includes one or more host systems 12b. The host system 12 b includes one or more computing systems 18 b, anda number of distinct storage or databases 20 b-20 d each associated witha respective financial entity or a respective one of the test devicesystems 22 b-22 d, respectively. The computing systems 18 b arecommunicatively coupled to the test device systems 22 b-22 d via thenetwork 16 b.

FIG. 3 shows an object evaluation system 10 c according to anotherillustrated embodiment.

The object evaluation system 10 c includes one or more test devicesystems 22 e. The test device system 22 e includes one or more computingsystems such as server computing system 24 e and personal computingsystem 26 e. The test device system 22 e also includes a number of testdevices 14 communicatively coupled via a network 28 e. The network 28 emay take a variety of forms including LANs, WANs, WLANs, WWANs, PSTN, toname a few. The test device system 22 e further includes a proprietarystorage or database 34. The proprietary storage or database 34 maycontain executable modules and/or data. For example, the storage ordatabase 34 may contain proprietary reference data that is specific to afinancial entity which owns, operates, leases or controls the testdevice system 22 e.

The object evaluation system 10 c also includes host system 12 ccomprising one or more computing systems 18 c and storage or databases20 e. The host system 12 c is communicatively coupled to a test devicesystem 24 e via a network 16 c.

FIG. 4 shows a test device 14 according to one illustrated embodiment.

The test device 14 may include a housing 40 with an opening or window 42proximateone end thereof. The test device 14 may include one or moresources 44 (only three called out in FIG. 4) operable to emitelectromagnetic energy. While a plurality of sources 44 are illustrated,some embodiments may employ a single source 44. The test device 14 mayalso include one or more sensors 46 configured and positioned to receiveelectromagnetic energy returned 52 from the object 50.

The sources 44 may take a variety of forms which are operable to emitelectromagnetic energy. The sources 44 may, for example, take the formof one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). Alternatively, oradditionally, the sources 44 may take the form of one or more lasers,for example one or more laser diodes. The lasers may, or may not, betunable lasers. Alternatively, or additionally, the sources 44 may takethe form of one or more incandescent sources such as conventional orhalogen light bulbs. Alternatively, or additionally, the sources 44 maytake the form of one or more organic LEDs (OLEDs, also referred to inthe relevant art as “electronic paper”), which may advantageously beformed on a flexible substrate.

One, more or all of the sources 44 may be operable to emit in part orall of an “optical” portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, includingthe (human) visible portion, near infrared portion and/or or nearultraviolet portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, oralternatively, the sources 44 may be operable to emit electromagneticenergy other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, for example theinfrared, ultraviolet and/or microwave portions.

In some embodiments, at least some of the sources 44 are operable toemit in or at a different band than other of the sources 44. Forexample, one or more sources 44 may emit in a band centered around 450nm, while one or more of the sources 44 may emit in a band centeredaround 500 nm, while a further source or sources emit in a band centeredaround 550 nm. In some embodiments, each source 44 emits in a bandcentered around a respective frequency or wavelength, different thaneach of the other sources 44. Using sources 44 with different bandcenters advantageously maximizes the number of distinct samples that maybe captured from a fixed number of sources 44. This may be particularlyadvantageous where the test device 14 is relatively small, and haslimited space or footprint for the sources 44.

The distribution of spectral content for each source 44 may vary as afunction of drive level (e.g., current, voltage, duty cycle),temperature, and other environmental factors, depending on the specificsource 44. Such variation may be advantageously actively employed tooperate one or more of the physical sources 44 as a plurality of“logical sources,” each of the logical sources operable to provide arespective emission spectra from a respective physical source 44. Thus,for example, the center of the band of emission for each source 44 mayvary according to a drive level and/or temperature. For example, thecenter of the band of emission for LEDs will vary with drive current ortemperature. One way the spectral content can vary is that the peakwavelength can shift. However, the width of the band, the skew of thedistribution, the kurtosis, etc., can also vary. Such variations may bealso be advantageously employed to operate the physical sources 44 as aplurality of logical sources. Thus, even if the peak wavelength were toremain constant, the changes in bandwidth, skew, kurtosis, and any otherchange in the spectrum can provide useful variations in the operation ofthe test device 14. Likewise, the center of the band of emission may bevaried for tunable lasers. Varying the center of emission bands for oneor more sources 44 advantageously maximizes the number of samples thatmay be captured from a fixed number of sources 44. Again, this may beparticularly advantageous where the test device 14 is relatively small,and has limited space or footprint for the sources 44.

A field of emission of one or more sources 44 may be movable withrespect to the housing 40. For example, one or more sources 44 may bemovable mounted with respect to the housing 40, such as mounted fortranslation along one or more axes, and/or mounted for rotation oroscillation about one or more axes. Alternatively, or additionally, thetest device 14 may include one or more elements operable to deflect orotherwise position the emitted electromagnetic energy. The elements may,for example, include one or more optical elements, for example lensassemblies, mirrors, prisms, diffraction gratings, etc. For example, theoptical elements may include an oscillating mirror, rotating polygonalmirror or prism, or MEMS micro-mirror that oscillates about one or moreaxes. The elements may, for example, include one or more other elements,for example permanent magnets or electromagnets such as those associatedwith cathode ray tubes and/or mass spectrometers.

The sensor 46 can take a variety of forms suitable for sensing orresponding to electromagnetic energy. For example, the sensor 46 maytake the form of one or more photodiodes (e.g., germanium photodiodes,silicon photodiodes). Alternatively, or additionally, the sensor 46 maytake the form of one or more photomultiplier tubes. Alternatively, oradditionally, the sensor 46 may take the form of one or more CMOS imagesensors. Alternatively, or additionally, the sensor 46 may take the formof one or more charge coupled devices (CCDs). Alternatively, oradditionally the sensor 46 may take the form of one or moremicro-channel plates. Other forms of electromagnetic sensors may beemployed, which are suitable to detect the wavelengths expected to bereturned in response to the particular illumination and properties ofthe object being illuminated.

The sensor 46 may be formed as individual elements, one-dimensionalarray of elements and/or two-dimensional array of elements. For example,the sensor 46 may be formed by one germanium photodiode and one siliconphotodiode, each having differing spectral sensitivities. The testdevice 14 may employ a number of photodiodes with identical spectralsensitivities, with different colored filters (e.g., gel filters,dichroic filters, thin-film filters, etc) over the photodiodes to changetheir spectral sensitivity. This may provide a simple, low-cost approachfor creating a set of sensors with different spectral sensitivities,particularly since germanium photodiodes are currently significantlymore expensive that silicon photodiodes. Also for example, the sensor 46may be formed from one CCD array (one-dimensional or two-dimensional)and one or more photodiodes (e.g., germanium photodiodes and/or siliconphotodiodes). For example, the sensor 46 may be formed as a one- ortwo-dimensional array of photodiodes. A two-dimensional array ofphotodiodes enables very fast capture rate (i.e., camera speed) and maybe particularly suited to use in assembly lines or high speed sortingoperations. For example, the sensor 46 may be formed as a one- ortwo-dimensional array of photomultipliers. Combinations of the aboveelements may also be employed.

In some embodiments, the sensor 46 may be a broadband sensor sensitiveor responsive over a broad band of wavelengths of electromagneticenergy. In some embodiments, the sensor 46 may be a narrowband sensorsensitive or responsive over a narrow band of wavelengths ofelectromagnetic energy. In some embodiments, the sensor 46 may take theform of several sensor elements, as least some of the sensor elementssensitive or responsive to one narrow band of wavelengths, while othersensor elements are sensitive or responsive to a different narrow bandof wavelengths. This approach may advantageously increase the number ofsamples that may be acquired using a fixed number of sources. In suchembodiments the narrow bands may, or may not, overlap.

A field of view of the sensor 46 or one or more elements of the sensor46 may be movable with respect to the housing 40. For example, one ormore elements of the sensor 46 may be movable mounted with respect tothe housing 40, such as mounted for translation along one or more axes,and/or mounted for rotation or oscillation about one or more axes.Alternatively, or additionally, the test device 14 may include one ormore elements operable to deflect or otherwise position the returnedelectromagnetic energy. The elements may, for example, include one ormore optical elements, for example lens assemblies, mirrors, prisms,diffraction gratings, etc. For example, the optical elements may includean oscillating mirror, rotating polygonal mirror or prism, or MEMSmicro-mirror that oscillates about one or more axes. The elements may,for example, include one or more other elements, example permanentmagnets or electromagnets such as those associated with cathode raytubes and/or mass spectrometers.

In some embodiments, the source 44 may also serve as the sensor 46. Forexample, an LED may be operated to emit electromagnetic energy at onetime, and detect returned electromagnetic energy at another time. Forexample, the LED may be switched from operating as a source to operatingas a detector by reverse biasing the LED. Also for example, an LED maybe operated to emit electromagnetic energy at one time, and detectreturned electromagnetic energy at the same time.

The test device 14 includes a control subsystem 54. The controlsubsystem 54 may include a microprocessor 56 and computer-readablemedia, for example one or more memories such as read only memory (ROM)58 and random access memory (RAM) 60. One or more buses may couple theROM 58 and RAM 60 to the microprocessor 56. The buses 62 may take avariety of forms including an instruction bus, data bus, othercommunications bus and/or power bus. The nonvolatile ROM 58 may storeinstructions and/or data for controlling the test device 14. Thevolatile RAM 60 may store instructions and/or data for use duringoperation of the test device 14.

The control subsystem 54 may optionally include a buffer 64 to bufferinformation received from the sensor 46. The control subsystem 54 mayfurther optionally include a digital signal processor (DSP) 66 processorcoupled to process information received from the sensor 46 via thebuffer 64. The control subsystem 54 may further optionally include ananalog to digital converter (ADC) 65 and/or digital to analog converter(DAC) 67. An ADC 65 may, for example, be used for converting analogphotodiode responses into digital data for further analysis and/ortransmission. A DAC 67 may, for example, be used for converting digitalcomputer commands into analog LED current levels. The control subsystem54 may additionally or alternatively optionally include an analog signalprocessor, which may be particularly useful where the sensor takes theform of one or more photodiodes.

The control subsystem 54 may include a user interface including one ormore user interface devices. For example, the control subsystem 54 mayinclude one or more speakers or microphones 68. Also for example, thecontrol subsystem 54 may include and/or one or more visual indicators70, such as one or more LEDs, liquid crystal displays (LCD), or othervisual indicator. The LCD may, for example, take the form of a touchsensitive LCD, which displays a graphical user interface, operable bythe user of the test device 14. Additionally, or alternatively, thecontrol subsystem 54 may include one or more user operable inputelements 74, such as switches or keys. The input elements 74 may includea switch for turning the test device ON and OFF. Additionally, oralternatively, the input elements 74 may include one or more switches orkeys for controlling the operation of the test device 14, for example,downloading or uploading data or instructions to, or from the testdevice.

The control subsystem 54 may further include one more communicationports 72, for example, a USB port, infrared transceiver, or RFtransceiver. Such may allow the transmission of data, instructionsand/or results, to or from the test device 14.

The test device 14 may also include a power source 76. The power sourcemay take the form of a portable power source, for example one or morebatteries, fuel cells, and/or super- or ultra-capacitors. Additionally,or alternatively, the power source 76 may take the form of a fixed powersource, such as a cable plugged into a port of a computer or aconventional electrical receptacle (e.g., wall outlet).

The microprocessor 56 employs instructions and or data from the ROM 58and RAM 60 in controlling operation of the test device 14. For example,the microprocessor 56 operates the sources 44 in one or more sequences.The sequences determine an order in which the sources 44 are turned Onand Off. The sequences may also indicate an ordered pattern of drivelevels (e.g., current levels, voltage levels, duty cycles) for thesources 44. Thus, for example, a microprocessor 56 may cause theapplication of different drive levels to respective ones of the sources44 to cause the sources 44 to emit in distinct bands of theelectromagnetic spectrum. The DSP 66 and/or microprocessor 56 mayprocess information generated by the sensor 46, which is indicative ofthe response by at least a portion of the object 50 to illumination bythe sources 44. The information at any given time may be indicative ofthe response by the object 50 to illumination by one or more of thesources 44. Thus, the information over a period of time may beindicative of the responses by the object 50 to sequential illuminationby each of a plurality of the sources 44, where each of the emissionspectra of each of the sources 44 has a different center, bandwidthand/or other more complex differences in spectral content, such as thosedescribed above (e.g., width of the band, the skew of the distribution,the kurtosis, etc.).

Computing Systems

FIG. 5 shows a conventional personal computer referred to herein ascomputing system 146 that may be appropriately configured to function aseither the computing system 18 of the host system 12 (FIGS. 1-3), thepersonal computing system 26 of the test device system 22, and/orconventional computing system 32.

The computing system 146 includes a processing unit 148, a system memory150 and a system bus 152 that couples various system componentsincluding the system memory 150 to the processing unit 148. Theprocessing unit 148 may be any logical processing unit, such as one ormore central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs),application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs), etc. Unless described otherwise, the constructionand operation of the various blocks shown in FIG. 5 are of conventionaldesign. As a result, such blocks need not be described in further detailherein, as they will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art.

The system bus 152 can employ any known bus structures or architectures,including a memory bus with memory controller, a peripheral bus, and/ora local bus. The system memory 150 includes ROM 154 and RAM 156. A basicinput/output system (“BIOS”) 158, which can form part of the ROM 154,contains basic routines that help transfer information between elementswithin the computing system 146, such as during startup.

The computing system 146 also includes one or more spinning mediamemories such as a hard disk drive 160 for reading from and writing to ahard disk 161, and an optical disk drive 162 and a magnetic disk drive164 for reading from and writing to removable optical disks 166 andmagnetic disks 168, respectively. The optical disk 166 can be a CD-ROM,while the magnetic disk 168 can be a magnetic floppy disk or diskette.The hard disk drive 160, optical disk drive 162 and magnetic disk drive164 communicate with the processing unit 148 via the bus 152. The harddisk drive 160, optical disk drive 162 and magnetic disk drive 164 mayinclude interfaces or controllers coupled between such drives and thebus 152, as is known by those skilled in the relevant art, for examplevia an IDE (i.e., Integrated Drive Electronics) interface. The drives160, 162 and 164, and their associated computer-readable media 161, 166and 168, provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules and other data for the computing system146. Although the depicted computing system 146 employs hard disk 161,optical disk 166 and magnetic disk 168, those skilled in the relevantart will appreciate that other types of spinning media memorycomputer-readable media may be employed, such as digital video disks(“DVDs”), Bernoulli cartridges, etc. Those skilled in the relevant artwill also appreciate that other types of computer-readable media thatcan store data accessible by a computer may be employed, for example,non-spinning media memories such as magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards, RAMs, ROMs, smart cards, etc.

Program modules can be stored in the system memory 150, such as anoperating system 170, one or more application programs 172, otherprograms or modules 174, and program data 176. The applications programs172 may include one or more programs for: locating test devices 14,downloading instructions such as executable modules to test devices 14,uploading responses to illumination from test devices 14, selectingappropriate test sequences, analyzing results of the test sequences, anddelivering the analysis to the test devices 14. The system memory 150also includes one or more communications programs 177 for permitting thecomputing system 146 to access and exchange data with sources such aswebsites of the Internet, corporate intranets, or other networks, aswell as other server applications on server computers. Thecommunications program 177 may take the form of one or more serverprograms. Alternatively, or additionally, the communications program maytake the form of one or more browser programs. The communicationsprogram 177 may be markup language based, such as hypertext markuplanguage (“HTML”), Extensible Markup Language (XML) or Wireless MarkupLanguage (WML), and operate with markup languages that use syntacticallydelimited characters added to the data of a document to represent thestructure of the document. A number of Web clients or browsers arecommercially available such as NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR® from America Online,and INTERNET EXPLORER® available from Microsoft Corporation of RedmondWash.

While shown in FIG. 5 as being stored in the system memory 150, theoperating system 170, application programs 172, other program modules174, program data 176 and communications program 177 can be stored onthe hard disk 161 of the hard disk drive 160, the optical disk 166 ofthe optical disk drive 162 and/or the magnetic disk 168 of the magneticdisk drive 164.

A user can enter commands and information to the computing system 146through input devices such as a keyboard 178 and a pointing device suchas a mouse 180. Other input devices can include a microphone, joystick,game pad, scanner, button, key, microphone with voice recognitionsoftware, etc. These and other input devices are connected to theprocessing unit 148 through an interface 182 such as a serial portinterface that couples to the bus 152, although other interfaces such asa parallel port, a game port or a universal serial bus (“USB”) can beused. A monitor 184 or other display devices may be coupled to the bus152 via video interface 186, such as a video adapter. The computingsystem 146 can include other output devices such as speakers, printers,etc.

The computing system 146 can operate in a networked environment 10(FIGS. 1-3) using logical connections to one or more remote computers.The computing system 146 may employ any known means of communication,such as through a local area network (“LAN”) 188 or a wide area network(“WAN”) or the Internet 190. Such networking environments are well knownin enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, extranets, and theInternet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computing system 146 isconnected to the LAN 188 through an adapter or network interface 192(communicatively linked to the bus 152). When used in a WAN networkingenvironment, the computing system 146 often includes a modem 193 orother device for establishing communications over the WAN/Internet 190.The modem 193 is shown in FIG. 5 as communicatively linked between theinterface 182 and the WAN/Internet 190. In a networked environment,program modules, application programs, or data, or portions thereof, canbe stored in a server computer (not shown). Those skilled in therelevant art will readily recognize that the network connections shownin FIG. 5 are only some examples of establishing communications linksbetween computers, and other communications links may be used, includingwireless links.

The computing system 146 may include one or more interfaces such as slot194 to allow the addition of devices 196, 198 either internally orexternally to the computing system 146. For example, suitable interfacesmay include ISA (i.e., Industry Standard Architecture), IDE, PCI (i.e.,Personal Computer Interface) and/or AGP (i.e., Advance GraphicsProcessor) slot connectors for option cards, serial and/or parallelports, USB ports (i.e., Universal Serial Bus), audio input/output (i.e.,I/O) and MIDI/joystick connectors, and/or slots for memory.

The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any mediumthat participates in providing instructions to processing unit 148 forexecution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limitedto, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media.Non-volatile media includes, for example, hard, optical or magneticdisks 161, 166, 168, respectively. Volatile media includes dynamicmemory, such as system memory 150. Transmission media includes coaxialcables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprisesystem bus 152. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic orlight waves, such as those generated during radio wave and infrared datacommunications.

Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, floppydisk, flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magneticmedium, CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, anyother physical medium with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM,FLASH memory, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave asdescribed herein, or any other medium from which a computer can read.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying oneor more sequences of one or more instructions to processing unit 148 forexecution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on amagnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load theinstructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over atelephone line using a modem. A modem 193 local to computer system 146can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infraredtransmitter to convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrareddetector coupled to the system bus 152 can receive the data carried inthe infrared signal and place the data on system bus 152. The system bus152 carries the data to system memory 150, from which processing unit148 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions receivedby system memory 150 may optionally be stored on a storage device eitherbefore or after execution by processing unit 148.

FIG. 6 shows a data structure 200 which may be stored in one of thestorage media or databases 161, 166, 168 (FIG. 5), 20, 34 (FIGS. 1-3),58, 60 (FIG. 4), according to one illustrated embodiment.

The data structure 200 stores reference responses 202 (only one calledout, illustrated in column 204) for various objects 50 (FIG. 4)identified by object identifiers 206 (only one called out, illustratedin column 208).

The data structure 200 may store a reference response 202 for a varietyof objects 50, for example a specific handbag or type of handbag 210.The data structure 200 may store reference responses for media, forexample: identification documents such as passports, identity cards(e.g., national, state, provincial, military, employer, school,organization), driver's licenses, and/or birth or naturalizationcertificates; financial documents such as currency 212, checks, bonds,and/or securities; and/or legal documents such as licenses, permits,assignments, deeds, wills, declarations, oaths, agreements, pleadings,or motions. The data structure 200 may also store reference responses202 for tissue 214, for example, reference responses that identify(e.g., unique individual) or characterize (e.g., normal, abnormal)bodily tissue such as retinal tissue or blood. The data structure 200may additionally, or alternatively, store data corresponding to amanufacturing process, such as reference responses for variousprocessing steps for curing rubber 216. The data structure 200 mayadditionally, or alternatively, store data related to quality control,for example, reference responses for properly homogenized milk 218.

The data structure 200 may include an object type identifier 220 (onlyone called out in FIG. 6, illustrated in column 222). The object typeidentifier may provide a general and/or specific description of the typeof object (e.g., handbag, currency, U.S. Ten Dollar Note, retinaltissue, semiconductor circuit masking operation, etc.). Additionally, oralternatively, the object type identifier 220 may provide broad and/orspecific description of the physical characteristics of the object type(e.g., paper, MYLAR®, canvas, A4, serial number, leather, green, 36° C.,5 foot and 11 inches, 160 pounds, brown hair, etc.).

For each object 50, the data structure 200 may store reference responses202 corresponding to respective physical and or logical sources 44 (FIG.4) or the respective emission spectra for sources 44. For example, thedata structure 200 stores reference responses 202 for a number ofsources 44 or respective emission spectra 224 a-224 e (collectively 224)for the handbag 210. The emission spectra 224 may be represented in avariety of ways, for example as one-dimensional or multi-dimensionalfunctions or waveforms or as individual values indicative of one or morecharacteristics, for example peak wavelength or primary band.

The data structure 200 may store reference responses 202 at a variety ofdrive levels for each of the sources 44. For example, the data structure200 may store reference responses 202 at current levels 228 a-228 c(only three called out in FIG. 6, collectively 228, illustrated incolumn 230). While the reference responses 202 are illustrated asone-dimensional functions or waveforms, the reference responses may takeany of a variety of forms. For example, in some embodiments each of thereference responses 202 with take the form of a single value or numberfor a given object, source, drive-level and/or temperature combination.In other embodiments, each of the reference responses 202 may take theform of a multi-dimensional function or waveform (e.g., two, three orgreater dimensions). Such may be suitable where, for example, the sensor46 takes the form of a CCD array, rather than a photodiode.

Additionally, the data structure 200 may include reference responses 202where the source 44 and/or sensor 46 is at a variety of temperatures 232a, 232 b (only two called out in FIG. 6, illustrated in column 234).This allows for variance in emission spectra and/or reception to beaccounted for in the data structure 200. Thus, identification of asource 44, a driving level 228 and/or a temperature may allow selectionof an appropriate reference response 202 for use in analyzing test datameasured or determined by the test device 14, as further explainedbelow.

Additionally, or alternatively, the data structure 200 may includereference responses 202 for a variety of sensor sensitivities 236 a, 236b (only two called out in FIG. 6, illustrated in column 238). Thisallows for variance in sensitivity of various sensors 46 to be accountedfor in the data structure 200. Thus, identification of a sensor 46 mayallow selection of an appropriate reference response 202 for use inanalyzing test data measured or determined by the test device 14, asfurther explained below.

The data structure 200 may additionally include location or positioninformation that identifies a location or position on the referenceobject from which the reference response was taken and/or the positionsof the sources(s) 44 and/or sensor(s) 46 relative to the referenceobject. Reference responses from multiple locations on a referenceobject may be stored in the data structure 200. Varying the location oftesting or sampling may further contribute to the inherent encryptionassociated with varying the sequence.

FIGS. 7-51 show methods of operating the host evaluation system 12(FIGS. 1-3), computing system 18 and/or test device 14, according tovarious embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows a method 300 of operating the computing system 18 (FIGS.1-3) of the host system 12 and test device 14, according to oneillustrated embodiment. FIG. 7 generally illustrates operations of thecomputing system 18 of the host evaluation system 12 in a column on theleft side of the Figure, while operations of the test device 14 aregenerally illustrated in a column on the right side of the figures. Theflow of operation is generally illustrated by vertically extendingarrows. The flow of data between the computing system 18 or hostevaluation system 12 and the test device 14 is generally illustrated byarrows extending between the right and left columns of FIG. 7.

The method 300 starts at 302. For example, the method 300 may start inresponse to activation of the computing system 18 and/or test device 14.Alternatively the method 300 may start in response to a user input,receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signal from a sensor.

Optionally at 304, the computing system 18 provides a sequence to thetest device 14. The sequence defines an order of activation for thesources 44, and may optionally define a sequence of drive levels and/ortemperatures for respective ones of the sources 44 within the sequence.In some embodiments, the sequence can be varied periodically. In otherembodiments, the sequence may be varied randomly. In furtherembodiments, the sequence may be varied with each iteration. In stillother embodiments, the sequence may be varied based on a time which mayreflect the current date. The sequence may be generated using a randomnumber generator (RNG), may be selected from a set of sequences storedin the memory or database, and/or generated based at least in part on acurrent time which may reflect a current date.

Varying the sequence may advantageously provide a level of security,introducing an inherent encryption. of the signals indicative of thetest responses and/or the results. The variation makes it difficult forsomeone to determine or fake test responses for a given object since thetest response varies based on the particular illumination sequenceemployed. Additionally, the differences in sources 44 (e.g., LEDcomposition), between test devices 14, creates a unique signature forresponses taken from each test device 14. A knowledge of this uniquesignature may be used in calibration for decoding the test responseprovided by the specific test device 14, so it can also be considered aninherent form of encryption. Inherent encryption may be particularlyadvantageous where security is a concern, for example where identitydocuments are being authenticated, where financial instruments are beingauthenticated, wherein medical documents are being authenticated, orwhere goods are being authenticated to detect forgeries. As noted, thesequence may be varied randomly, periodically, based on time and/ordate, or on demand. This inherent variation may be bolstered by moreconventional encryption, for example public/private key encryption, forexample RSA encryption. Thus, the test response may be encrypted usingconventional encryption techniques. Additionally, or alternatively, thesequence may be encrypted using conventional encryption techniques.Additionally, or alternatively, if the sequence is transmitted, it maybe transmitted separately from the test results, reducing the likelihoodof interception of both. It should be noted that even if both thesequence and resulting test response were intercepted, such informationwould have limited value since the sequence would or could soon bechanged. Such is discussed in more detail in commonly assigned U.S.provisional patent application 60/834,662, filed Jul. 31, 2006 usingExpress Mail No. EV448396842US.

At 306, the test device 14 samples an object 50. The test device samplesthe object by sequentially illuminating the object with a number ofbands of electromagnetic energy. The test device 14 further samples theobject by measuring or otherwise determining a response by the object 50to the illumination. In particular, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) captureselectromagnetic energy returned from the object 50 being subjected tothe test. The returned electromagnetic energy may take the form ofelectromagnetic energy reflected, fluoresced, or otherwise returned fromthe object 50. The returned electromagnetic energy is the response bythe object 50 to the particular illumination during the relevant period.

At 308, the test device 14 provides a signal indicative of the responseor captured electromagnetic energy to the computing system 18 of thehost system 12. Some embodiments may perform analysis of the response atthe test device 14, rendering 308 optional.

Optionally at 310, the test device 14 provides the sequence to thecomputing system 18 of the host system 12. This may be particularlyuseful where the computing system 18 did not provide the sequence to thetest device 14 or where the test device 14 and computing system 18 arenot otherwise synchronized. For example, this may be particularly usefulwhere the test device 14 employs one or more sequences that are storedor preconfigured at the test device 14. Providing of the sequence may beomitted, for example, where the computing system 18 provides thesequence, hence the sequence is known to the computing system. In suchsituations, the test device 14 may nevertheless provide the sequence tothe computing system 18, which may serve as a confirmation or may reducethe amount of computational overhead that would otherwise be required totrack relationships between test devices 14 and sequences. In someembodiments, the test device 14 may provide the sequence along (e.g., inthe same communications or packet) with the test response. Someembodiments may provide the sequence separately from the test response,which may increase the security of communications since two separatemessages would need to be intercepted and related to one another.

Optionally at 312, the computing system 18 receives the test response.Optionally at 314, the computing system 18 receives the sequence.

Optionally at 316, the computing system 18 performs an analysis on thetest response based on the sequence. The computing system 18 or testdevice 14 may perform calibration on the test response and/or expectedor reference responses as part of the analysis or prior to the analysis.The calibration may be based on a variety of factors or parameters. Forexample, the calibration may be based on a temperature at which thesource 44 and/or sensor 46 is operating or expected to be operating. Forexample, where the sources 44 are LEDs, variations in emission spectrabased on temperature may be accommodated. Also for example, thecalibration may be based on the properties of specific sources 44. Forexample, where the sources 44 are LEDs variations in emission spectrabased on manufacturing differences between specific sources 44 may beaccommodated. For example, variations between different manufactures,different batches of sources 44 by the same manufacturer, or evenbetween individual sources 44 in the same manufacturing batch may beaccommodated.

Optionally at 318, the computing system 18 provides results to the testdevice 14. As noted above, some embodiments may perform the analysis atthe test device 14 rendering 312, 314, 316 and 318 optional.

Optionally at 320, the test device 14 receives the results from thecomputing system 18. At 322, the test device 14 provides results to theend user, for example, via one or more elements 68, 70 of the userinterface.

The method 300 terminates at 324. In some embodiments, the method 300would return control back to 302, in lieu of terminating at 324. Forexample, some embodiments may attempt to find matches for more than onesequence, at more than one location, and/or at more than one viewpointor angle. In other embodiments the method 300 may operate as separateprocesses or threads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 8 shows a method 350 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to one illustrated embodiment. The method350 may be useful in manufacturing an object 50.

The method 350 starts at 352. For example, the method 350 may start inresponse to the activation or powering of the computing device 18 ortest device 14. Alternatively, the method 350 may start in response to auser input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signal froma sensor.

At 354, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At356, the sensor 46 measures responses to the illumination from at leastthe first portion of the object during the first period.

At 358, the test device 14 or computing system 18 compares measured ortest responses to the first set of reference responses 202 (FIG. 6) of areference specimen of an object. The reference responses 202 may be partof the reference data may be provided from one or more of the testdevices 14 or computers 26, 32 associated with equipment for capturingthe reference data. The reference data may include reference responses202 which may take the form of responses by reference objects to definedillumination. For example, reference responses 202 may take the form ofsignals indicative of electromagnetic energy received from an object 50in response to illumination with a known bandwidth of electromagneticenergy, by a known source 44, at a known drive level (e.g., current,voltage, duty cycle) and/or known temperature.

In some embodiments, the measured or test response is compared toreference responses 202 until a match within some defined threshold isfound. The threshold may be preset or may be determined duringoperation, and may or may not be user configurable. In otherembodiments, the measured or test response is compared to all referenceresponses in the set of reference responses. In such embodiments, allmatches within a defined threshold may be identified and reported to theend user. Alternatively, only the best or closest matching response orresponses may be identified and reported to the end user. Such mayinclude one or more indications of confidence in the match, such as aconfidence level that indicates a degree of matching. The confidencelevel may be represented in a variety of ways, for example as apercentage of discrepancies detected or how many standard deviations thematch is from being an identical match. Alternatively, the confidencelevel may indicate the number of times a match with a threshold wasfound. For example, if a match was found in response to more than onesequence, at more than one location, and/or at more than one viewpointor angle.

At 360, the test device 14 or computing system 18 determines whether atleast a portion of the manufacturing process is complete based at leastin part on the comparison. For example, an object 50 may have aparticular spectral response to a sequence of illumination at aparticular point in the manufacturing process (e.g., baking, cooking,curing, annealing, polishing, etching, depositing, machining, etc.).Completion of the portion of the manufacturing process may be determinedto be complete once the object 50 produces the desired spectralresponse.

The method 350 terminates at 362. In some embodiments, the method 350would return control back to 352, in lieu of terminating at 362. Inother embodiments, the method 350 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 9 shows a method 400 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 400 may be used in manufacturing an object 50.

The method 400 starts at 402. For example, the method 400 may start inresponse to the activation or powering of the test device 14 orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 400 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 404, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic radiation, in a first sequence during a first period. At406, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) measures responses to the illumination fromat least the first portion of the object 50 during the first period. At408, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, during a second period. At 410, the sensor 46measures a plurality of responses to the illumination from at least thesecond portion of the object 50 being manufactured, during the secondperiod.

At 412, the test device 14 or computing system 18 compares the measuredor test responses to a first set of reference responses of a referencespecimen of an object. At 414, the test device 14 or computing system 18compares measured or test responses of the second period to a second setof reference responses to illumination of the reference specimen of theobject. At 416, the test device 14 or computing system 18 determineswhether at least a portion of the manufacturing process is complete,based at least in part on the comparisons. Sampling at two or moredifferent locations on the object 50 may produce more reliable resultsthan sampling at a single location.

The method 400 terminates at 420. In some embodiments, the method 400would return control back to 402, in lieu of terminating at 420. Inother embodiments, the method 400 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 10 shows a method 450 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing device 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 450 may be useful in the manufacture of an object 50.

The method 450 starts at 452. For example, the method 450 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 or computingsystem 18. Alternatively, the method 450 may start in response to a userinput, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signal from asensor.

At 454, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At456, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) measures responses to the illumination fromat least the first portion of the object during the first period. At458, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in the first sequence during a second period. At460, the sensor 46 measures responses to the illumination from at leastthe second portion of the object 50 being manufactured during the secondperiod.

At 462, the test device 14 or computing system 18 compares the measuredor test responses to the first set of reference responses of a referencespecimen of an object. At 464, the test device 14 or computing system 18compares measured or test responses of the second period to a second setof reference responses of the reference specimen of the object. At 466,the test device 14 or computing system 18 determines whether at least aportion of the manufacturing process is complete, based at least in parton the comparisons. Sampling at different times may facilitate orimplement a feedback process, timely terminating the portion of themanufacturing process to prevent the manufacturing process from overprocessing he object 50. Additionally, sampling at different times mayproduce more reliable results, for example, requiring two or morematches before terminating the portion of the manufacturing process.

The method 450 terminates at 468. In some embodiments, the method 450would return control back to 452, in lieu of terminating at 468. Inother embodiments, the method 450 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 11 shows a method 500 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 500 may be useful in the manufacturing of an object 50.

The method 500 starts at 502. For example, the method 500 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 500 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 504, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At506, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) measures responses from at least the firstportion of the object 50 during the first period. At 508, the testdevice 14 sequentially illuminates at least the first portion of theobject 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a second sequence during a second period. At510, the sensor 46 measures responses from at least the first portion ofthe object 50 being manufactured during the second period.

At 512, the test device 14 or computing system 18 compares measured ortest responses of the first period to a first set of reference responsesof a reference specimen of an object. At 514, the test device 14 orcomputing system 18 compares the measured or test responses of thesecond period to a second set of reference responses of the referencespecimen of the object. At 516, the test device 14 or computing system18 determines whether at least a portion of the manufacturing process iscomplete, based at least in part on the comparisons.

The method 500 terminates at 518. In some embodiments, the method 500may return control back to 502, in lieu of terminating at 518. In otherembodiments, the method 500 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 12 shows a method 550 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to one illustrated embodiment. The method550 may be useful in manufacturing of an object 50.

The method 550 starts at 552. For example, the method 550 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 or computingsystem 18. Alternatively, the method 550 may start in response to a userinput, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signal from asensor.

At 554, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At556, the sensor 46 measures responses to the illumination from at leasta first portion of the object 50 during the first period. At 558, thetest device 14 or computing system 18 compares the measured or testresponses of the first period to a first set of reference responses of areference specimen of an object 50. At 560, the test device 14 orcomputing system 18 determines whether at least a portion of themanufacturing process is complete based at least in part on thecomparison.

At 562, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of the object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a second sequence during a second period. At564, the sensor 46 measures responses to the illumination from at leastthe first portion of the object 50 being manufactured, during the secondperiod. At 566, the test device 14 or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses of a reference specimen of the object 50. At 568,the test device 14 or computing system 18 determines whether at least aportion of the manufacturing process is complete, based at least in parton the comparison. As noted above, varying the sequence may enhancesecurity by implementing an inherent encryption process. Employing twoor more sequences may produce more reliable results, particularly wherethe sequences employ different spectral emissions, or may producedifferent spectral results.

The method 550 terminates at 570. In some embodiments, the method 550may return control back to 552, in lieu of terminating at 570. In otherembodiments, the method 550 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 13 shows a method 570 of operating the test device 14, according toone illustrated embodiment.

At 572, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a portionof the object 50 being manufactured with electromagnetic energy frombands within a visible portion, an infrared portion, or an ultravioletportion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other embodiments may employbands from other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, for example,microwave or X-ray portions. In particular, the control subsystem 54and/or microprocessor 56 may drive the sources 44 in an order, timingand/or drive level and/or temperature defined by the particularsequence.

FIG. 14 shows a method 576 of operating the test device 14, according toone illustrated embodiment.

At 578, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56, selectivelyactivates or turns on respective ones of a plurality of sources 46 in anorder defined by the sequence.

FIG. 15 shows a method 580 of operating the test device 14, according toanother illustrated embodiment.

At 582, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 selectivelyapplies current to respective ones of the sources 44 in the orderdefined by the sequence.

FIG. 16 shows a method 586 of operating the test device 14, according toanother illustrated embodiment.

At 588, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 selectivelyapplies current at a plurality of different levels to respective ones ofthe sources 44, where the order and the drive level are defined by thesequence.

FIG. 17 shows a method 600 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 600 may be useful in implementing quality control during or aftera manufacturing process.

The method 600 starts at 602. For example, the method 600 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 600 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 604, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At606, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the object 50 duringthe first period.

At 608, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses to a first set of reference responses of areference specimen of an object 50. At 610, the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18 determines whether the object 50 being manufacturedis acceptable at least partially based on the comparison.

The method 600 terminates at 612. In some embodiments, the method 600may return control back to 602, in lieu of terminating at 612. In otherembodiments, the method 600 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 18 shows a method 650 of operating a test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 650 may be useful in implementing quality control during or aftera manufacturing process.

The method 650 starts at 652. For example, the method 650 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 650 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 654, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At656, the sensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to theillumination from at least a first portion of the object 50 beingmanufactured during the first period. At 658, the test device 14sequentially illuminates at least a second portion of the object 50being manufactured, with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energyduring a second period. At 660, the sensor 46 of the test device 14measures responses to the illumination from at least the second portionof the object 50 being manufactured, during the second period.

At 662, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses of a reference specimen of an object 50. At 664, thetest device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares measured or testresponses of the second period to a second set of reference responses ofthe reference specimen of the object 50. At 666, the test device 14and/or computing system 18 determines whether at least a portion of themanufacturing process is complete based at least in part on thecomparisons.

The method 650 terminates at 668. In some embodiments, the method 650may return control back to 652, in lieu of terminating at 668. In otherembodiments, the method 650 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 19 shows a method 700 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to a further illustrated embodiment. Themethod 700 may be useful in implementing quality control during or aftera manufacturing process.

The method 700 starts at 702. For example, the method 700 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 700 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 704, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At706, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least a first portion of the object 50 duringthe first period. At 708, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates atleast a second portion of the object 50 being manufactured with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy, in the first sequenceduring a second period. At 710, the sensor 46 of the test device 14measures a response to the illumination from at least the second portionof the object 50 being manufactured, during the second period.

At 712, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses of a reference specimen of an object 50. At 714, thetest device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares the measured or testresponses of the second period to a second set of reference responses ofthe reference specimen of the object 50. At 716, the test device 14 orcomputing system 18 determines whether at least a portion of themanufacturing process is complete, based at least in part on thecomparisons.

The method 700 terminates at 718. In some embodiments, the method 700may return control back to 702, in lieu of terminating at 718. In otherembodiments, the method 700 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 20 shows a method 750 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to still another embodiment. The method750 may be useful in implementing quality control during or after amanufacturing process.

The method 750 starts at 752. For example, the method 750 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 750 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 754, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of an object 50 being manufactured with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At756, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the object 50 duringthe first period. At 758, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates atleast the first portion of the object 50 being manufactured with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy, in a second sequenceduring a second period. At 760, the sensor 46 of the test device 14measures responses to the illumination from at least the first portionof the object 50 being manufactured, during the second period.

At 762, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses of a reference specimen of an object. At 764, thetest device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares measured or testresponses of the second period to a second set of reference responses ofthe reference specimen of the object 50. At 766, the test device 14and/or computing system 18 determines whether at least a portion of themanufacturing process is complete, based at least in part on thecomparisons.

The method 750 terminates at 768. In some embodiments, the method 750may return control back to 752, in lieu of terminating at 768. In otherembodiments, the method 750 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 21 shows a method 800 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to one illustrated embodiment. The method800 may be useful in identifying biological tissue (e.g. retinal tissue,blood, skin, hair, bone, organs, bodily fluids, etc.).

The method 800 starts at 802. For example, the method 800 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 800 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 804, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At806, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated during the first period.

At 808, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of thebiological tissue. At 810, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18identifies the portion of the biological tissue based at least in parton the comparison. For example, the test device 14 or computing system18 may identify the reference sample based on a match to one or moreknown reference samples. The identification may be a uniqueidentification or almost unique identification, similar or greater inconfidence or probability to that associated with conventionalfingerprinting or DNA techniques. For example, identifying a uniqueindividual from which the biological tissue being evaluated derived.Alternatively, the identification may be non-unique identification,providing a group or subset of possible identities for the biologicaltissue being evaluated. For example, identifying a group or subset ofindividuals from which the biological tissue being evaluated derived.

The method 800 terminates at 812. In some embodiments, the method 800may return control back to 802, in lieu of terminating at 812. In otherembodiments, the method 800 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 22 shows a method 850 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to a further illustrated embodiment. Themethod 850 may be useful in identifying biological tissue.

The method 850 starts at 852. For example, the method 850 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 850 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 854, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At856, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated, during the first period.

At 858, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of thebiological tissue.

At 860, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy, during a second period. At 862, thesensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to the illuminationfrom at least the second portion of the biological tissue beingevaluated, during the second period.

At 864, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the reference specimen of thebiological tissue. At 866, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18identifies the portion of the biological tissue based at least in parton the comparisons. As noted previously, employing samples from two ormore portions may increase accuracy of the analysis.

The method 850 terminates at 868. In some embodiments, the method 850may return control back to 852, in lieu of terminating at 868. In otherembodiments, the method 850 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 23 shows a method 900 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to a yet another illustrated embodiment.The method 900 may be useful in identifying biological tissue.

The method 900 starts at 902. For example, the method 900 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 900 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 904, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At906, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated during the first period.

At 908, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of abiological tissue.

At 910, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a secondportion of the biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy, in the first sequence during a secondperiod. At 912, the sensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responsesto the illumination from at least the second portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated during the second period.

At 914, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the reference specimen of thebiological tissue. At 916, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18identifies the portion of biological tissue based at least in part onthe comparisons.

The method 900 terminates at 918. In some embodiments, the method 900may return control back to 902, in lieu of terminating at 918. In otherembodiments, the method 900 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 24 shows a method 950 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to still another illustrated embodiment.The method 950 may be useful in identifying biological tissue.

The method 950 starts at 952. For example, the method 950 may start inresponse to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 950 may start in responseto a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt of a signalfrom a sensor.

At 954, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of a biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At956, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated during the first period.

At 958, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of thebiological tissue.

At 960, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of the biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy in a second sequence, during a secondperiod, the second sequence different from the first sequence. At 962,the sensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the biological tissuebeing evaluated during the second period.

At 964, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the reference specimen of thebiological tissue. At 966, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18identifies the portion of biological tissue, based at least in part onthe comparisons.

The method 950 terminates at 968. In some embodiments, the method 950may return control back to 952, in lieu of terminating at 968. In otherembodiments, the method 950 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 25 shows a method 1000 of operating the test device 14, accordingto one illustrated embodiment.

At 1002, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) ofthe test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the first portionof the biological tissue being evaluated with electromagnetic energyfrom bands within a visible portion, an infrared portion, or anultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other embodimentsmay employ bands from other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum,for example, microwave or X-ray portions.

FIG. 26 shows a method 1006 of operating the test device 14 according toanother illustrated embodiment.

At 1008, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) ofthe test device 14 selectively turns respective ones of a plurality ofsources 44 On and Off, in an order defined by the sequence to illuminatethe biological tissue.

FIG. 27 shows a method 1012 of operating the test device 14, accordingto yet another illustrated embodiment.

At 1014, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) ofthe test device 14 selectively applies current to respective ones of thesources 44 in the order defined by the sequence to illuminate thebiological tissue.

FIG. 28 shows a method 1018 of operating the test device 14, accordingto still another illustrated embodiment.

At 1020, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) ofthe test device 14 selectively applies current at a plurality ofdifferent drive levels to respective ones of the sources 44, where theorder and the drive level are defined by the sequence, to illuminate thebiological tissue.

FIG. 29 shows a method 1024 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to a further illustrated embodiment. Themethod may be used with any of the methods of FIGS. 21-24.

At 1026, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 classifies theportion of biological tissue. The test device 14 and/or computing system18 may classify the biological tissue by finding matches to referenceresponses of reference specimens of reference biological tissue. Forexample, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 may find a matchwith a spectral response from a normal reference specimen or may find amatch with a spectral response of one or more abnormal specimens. Forexample, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 may find a matchwith a spectral response from a reference specimen that represents oneor more known physical characteristics, such a species, gender, bloodtype, organ, etc.

FIG. 30 shows a method 1030 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to a further illustrated embodiment. Themethod 1030 may be used with any of the methods of FIGS. 1-24.

At 1032, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 receivesadditional data indicative of at least one of a measurable or anobservable bodily characteristic of a subject to which the biologicaltissue derives. At 1036, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18employs the received additional data to identify the portion ofbiological tissue. For example, the test device 14 or computing system18 may employ the additional data to increase a confidence level in amatch, or to find a closest match. Also for example, the test device 14or computing system 18 may alternatively, or additionally employ theadditional data to or to reduce the number of reference samples to whichthe measured or test response will be compared. This may advantageouslyreduce processing time and use of computational resources.

FIG. 31 shows a method 1050 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to one illustrated embodiment. The method1050 may be useful in diagnosing based on a biological tissue sample orspecimen.

The method 1050 starts at 1052. For example, the method 1050 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1050 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt ofa signal from a sensor.

At 1054, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1056, the sensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the biological tissuebeing evaluated, during the first period.

At 1058, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of thebiological tissue.

At 1060, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 diagnoses atleast the first portion of biological tissue based at least in part onthe comparison of the measured responses to the set of referenceresponses. For example, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18may find a match with a spectral response from one or more abnormalspecimens which represent or are otherwise associated with known orunknown conditions, diseases, or pathologies. For example, a spectralresponse of a biopsy may be compared with spectral responses of variousabnormal tissues, for example various tumors, carcinomas ormalignancies. Also for example, a spectral response of a biopsy may becompared with spectral responses of various abnormal tissues, forexample various diseased organs, such as livers. For example, a spectralresponse of a bodily fluid may be compared with spectral responses ofbodily fluids having known characteristics. For instance, a spectralresponse of blood from a subject may be compared with spectral responsesof reference blood samples with known characteristics (e.g., blood sugarlevels). Such may allow the monitoring of blood sugar, useful in avariety of circumstances, for instance in monitoring diabetics. In someembodiments, the monitoring may be non-invasive, for exampleilluminating the blood through the skin. Such may advantageously reduceor eliminate discomfort, thereby increasing compliance with monitoringregimes. Such may also advantageously reduce the risk of infection. Suchnon-invasive monitoring may employ wavelengths of electromagnetic energythat penetrate at least some layers of skin. Such testing mayadvantageously be in vivo, allowing real time results from actualsubjects. Such may advantageously eliminate the need for additionalequipment (e.g., sample or specimen holders, needles, etc.) which mayrequire sterilization and/or special disposal procedures.

The method 1050 terminates at 1062. In some embodiments, the method 1050may return control back to 1052, in lieu of terminating at 1062. Inother embodiments, the method 1050 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 32 shows a method 1100 of operating a test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 1100 may be useful in diagnosing based on a biological tissuesample or specimen.

The method 1100 starts at 1102. For example, the method 1100 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1100 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt ofa signal from a sensor.

At 1104, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of a biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1106, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated during the first period.

At 1108, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of thebiological tissue.

At 1110, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy, during a second period. At 1112, thesensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to the illuminationfrom at least the second portion of the biological tissue beingevaluated, during the second period.

At 1114, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the reference specimen of thebiological tissue. At 1116, the test device 14 and/or computing system18 diagnoses the portion of the biological tissue, based at least inpart on the comparisons.

The method 1100 terminates at 1118. In some embodiments, the method 1100may return control back to 1102, in lieu of terminating at 1118. Inother embodiments, the method 1100 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 33 shows a method 1150 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to a yet another illustrated embodiment.The method 1150 may be useful in diagnosing based on a biological tissuespecimen or sample.

The method 1150 starts at 1152. For example, the method 1150 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1150 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt ofa signal from a sensor.

At 1154, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of a biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bandsof electromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1156, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated, during the first period.

At 1158, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses to illumination of a reference specimen of thebiological tissue.

At 1160, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy, in the first sequence during a secondperiod. At 1162, the sensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responsesto the illumination from at least the second portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated, during the second period.

At 1164, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the reference specimen of thebiological tissue. At 1166, the test device 14 and/or computing system18 diagnoses the portion of biological tissue, based at least in part onthe comparisons.

The method 1150 terminates at 1168. In some embodiments, the method 1150may return control back to 1152, in lieu of terminating at 1168. Inother embodiments, the method 1150 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 34 shows a method 1200 of operating the test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to one illustrated embodiment.

At 1202, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured responses of the first period to the set of reference responsesto illumination of a normal specimen of biological tissue.

FIG. 35 shows a method 1206 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment.

At 1218, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured responses of the first period to the set of reference responsesto illumination of an abnormal specimen of biological tissue.

FIG. 36 shows a method 1250 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18 according to one illustrated embodiment. The method1250 may be useful in authenticating media, for example identitydocuments, financial instruments, legal documents, medical documents,financial transaction cards, and/or other media.

The method 1250 starts at 1252. For example, the method 1250 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1250 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt ofa signal from a sensor.

At 1254, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of a medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1256, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the medium beingevaluated, during the first period. The response may be indicative ofboth a portion of content of the media, as well as a portion of materialof the medium being evaluated.

At 1258, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses. At 1260, the test device 14 and/or computing system18 determines whether the medium is authentic based at least in part onthe comparison of the measured responses to the first set of referenceresponses. For example, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18may determine whether the medium being evaluated is identical to thereference medium. Such may be useful to identify works of art ororiginal copies of documents, for example financial instruments such asbonds or share certificates. Alternatively, the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18 may determine whether the medium being evaluated issimilar to the reference medium. Such may be useful to identify massproduced items, for example, currency or financial transaction cards. Asdiscussed previously, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 maycompare the measured or test response to reference responses until amatch is found within some defined threshold. The threshold may bepreset or may be determined during operation, and may or may not be userconfigurable. In other embodiments, the measured or test response iscompared to all reference responses in the set of reference responses.In such embodiments, all matches within a defined threshold may beidentified and reported to the end user. Alternatively, only the best orclosest matching response or responses may be identified and reported tothe end user. Such may include one or more indications of confidence inthe match, such as a confidence level that indicates a degree ofmatching. The confidence level may be represented in a variety of ways,for example as a percentage of discrepancies detected or how manystandard deviations the match is from being an identical match.Alternatively, the confidence level may indicate the number of times amatch with a threshold was found. For example, if a match was found inresponse to more than one sequence, at more than one location, and/or atmore than one viewpoint or angle.

The method 1250 terminates at 1262. In some embodiments, the method 1250may return control back to 1252, in lieu of terminating at 1262. Inother embodiments, the method 1250 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 37 shows a method 1300 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 1300 may be useful in authenticating media, such as identitydocuments, financial instruments, legal documents, medical documents,financial transaction cards and/or other media.

The method 1300 starts at 1302. For example, the method 1300 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1300 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or a signalfrom a sensor.

At 1304, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of a medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1306, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the medium beingevaluated, during the first period. The measured or test responses maybe indicative of both a portion of content and a portion of material ofthe medium being evaluated.

At 1308, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses.

At 1310, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, during a second period. At 1312, the sensor 46of the test device 14 measures responses to the illumination from atleast the second portion of the medium being evaluated during the secondperiod.

At 1314, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compare themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses. At 1316, the test device 14 and/or computing system18 determine whether the medium is authentic based at least in part onthe comparisons.

The method 1300 terminates at 1318. In some embodiments, the method 1300may return control back to 1302, in lieu of terminating at 1318. Inother embodiments, the method 1300 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 38 shows a method 1350 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to a yet another illustrated embodiment.The method 1350 may be useful in authenticating media such as identitydocuments, financial instruments, legal documents, medical documents,financial transaction cards and/or other media.

The method 1350 starts at 1352. For example, the method 1350 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1350 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt ofa signal from a sensor.

At 1354, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of a medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1356, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the medium beingevaluated, during the first period. The measured or test responses maybe indicative of both a portion of content and a portion of material ofthe medium being evaluated.

At 1358, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compare themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses.

At 1360, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the secondportion of the medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in the first sequence during a second period. At1362, the sensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to theillumination from at least the second portion of the medium beingevaluated during the second period.

At 1364, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the medium being evaluated. At1366, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 determines whetherthe medium is authentic based at least in part on the comparisons.

The method 1350 terminates at 1368. In some embodiments, the method 1350may return control back to 1352, in lieu of terminating at 1368. Inother embodiments, the method 1350 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 39 shows a method 1400 of operating a test device 14 and/or acomputing system 18, according to a still another illustratedembodiment. The method 1400 may be useful in authenticating media, forexample identity documents, financial instruments, legal documents,medical documents, financial transaction cards and/or other media.

The method 1400 starts at 1402. For example, the method 1400 may startin response to activation or powering of the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18. Alternatively, the method 1400 may start inresponse to a user input, receipt of data or instructions, or receipt ofa signal from a sensor.

At 1404, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of a medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a first sequence during a first period. At1406, the sensor 46 (FIG. 4) of the test device 14 measures responses tothe illumination from at least the first portion of the medium being,during the first period. The measured or test responses may beindicative of both a portion of content and a portion of material of themedium being evaluated.

At 1408, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses of the first period to a first set ofreference responses.

At 1410, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of the medium being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy, in a second sequence, the second sequencedifferent from the first sequence, during a second period. At 1412, thesensor 46 of the test device 14 measures responses to the illuminationfrom at least the first portion of the medium being evaluated. Themeasured or test responses may be indicative of both a portion of thecontent and a portion of the material of the medium being evaluated,during the second period.

At 1414, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured responses of the second period to a second set of referenceresponses. At 1416, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18determine whether the medium is authentic, based at least in part on thecomparisons. As previously noted, employing two or more sequences mayenhance security and/or may enhance accuracy of the analysis.

The method 1400 terminates at 1418. In some embodiments, the method 1400may return control back to 1402, in lieu of terminating at 1418. Inother embodiments, the method 1400 may operate as separate processes orthreads, in parallel or concurrently with one another.

FIG. 40 shows a method 1450 of operating the test device 14 according toone illustrated embodiment.

At 1452, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) ofthe test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the first portionof the medium being evaluated with electromagnetic energy from bandswithin a visible portion, an infrared portion, or an ultraviolet portionof the electromagnetic spectrum. Other embodiments may employ bands fromother portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, for example, microwaveor X-ray portions.

FIG. 41 shows a method 1456 of operating a test device 14, according toanother illustrated embodiment.

At 1458, the control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) ofthe test device 14 selectively turns respective ones of a plurality ofsources 44 On and Off, in an order defined by the sequence, toilluminate the medium.

FIG. 42 shows a method 1462 of operating a test device, according to ayet another illustrated embodiment.

At 1464, control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) of thetest device 14 selectively applies current to respective ones of thesources 44, in the order defined by the sequence to illuminate themedium.

FIG. 43 shows a method 1468 of operating the test device 14 according toa further illustrated embodiment.

At 1470, control subsystem 54 and/or microprocessor 56 (FIG. 4) of thetest device 14 selectively applies current at a plurality of differentdrive levels to respective ones of the sources 44, where the order andthe drive level are defined by the sequence, to illuminate the medium.

FIG. 44 shows a method 1474 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to one illustrated embodiment. The method1474 may be used with the methods of FIGS. 36-39.

At 1476, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 classifies themedium as a media type, based at least in part on the comparisons.

FIG. 45 shows a method 1480 of operating the test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18 according to one illustrated embodiment. The method1480 may be used in any of the methods of FIGS. 36-39.

At 1482, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured or test responses to a set of reference responses toillumination of a reference specimen of a reference medium that reflectsthe spectral characteristics that are associated with authenticatecopies of the reference medium. Such an approach may be particularlyuseful to authenticate mass produced media or copies of original media,for example, currency or financial transaction cards.

FIG. 46 shows a method 1486 of operating a test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18 according to one illustrated embodiment. The method1486 may be useful in the methods of FIGS. 36-39.

At 1488, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 compares themeasured responses to a set of reference responses to illumination ofthe medium during a previous period that occurred before the firstperiod. Thus, the medium being evaluated can be compared against itselfto determine if it is the same identical or original medium. Such may beuseful to identify works of art or original copies of documents, forexample financial instruments such as bonds or share certificates.

FIG. 47 shows a method 1492 of operating a test device 14 according toanother illustrated embodiment.

At 1494, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of a financial instrument. A financial instrument may, forexample, take the form of currency, checks, bonds, money orders, and/orsecurities.

FIG. 48 shows a method 1498 of operating a test device 14 according toanother illustrated embodiment.

At 1500, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of an identity document. The identity document may, for example,take the form of documents, such as passports, identity cards (e.g.,national, state, provincial, military, employer, school, organization),driver's licenses, and/or birth or naturalization certificates.

FIG. 49 shows a method 1504 of operating a test device 14 according toone illustrated embodiment.

At 1506, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least a firstportion of a medium bearing a likeness of an individual identified by anidentity document. The likeness may take a variety of forms, for examplea photograph or other reproduction of the individual's likeness orimage. Thus, the measured or test response will reflect the individual'slikeness.

FIG. 50 shows a method 1510 of operating a test device 14, according toone illustrated embodiment.

At 1512, the test device 14 sequentially illuminates at least the firstportion of a legal document. The legal document may take the form of alicenses, permits, assignments, deeds, wills, declarations, oaths,agreements, pleadings, or motions.

FIG. 51 shows a method 1550 of operating a test device 14 and/orcomputing system 18, according to another illustrated embodiment. Themethod 1550 may be employed with one or more of the previously describedmethods.

At 1552 the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 provides a queryfor additional data. The query may be made to an end user, for examplean end user operating the test device 14, or the computing system 18.The query may be made to a database of information.

The query may take a variety of forms. For example, the query mayrequest information regarding an object, for example the name of themanufacturer, the model, the color, the year of production or release.The query may request information regarding a document, for example aname or title, year of publication or execution, names of parties orthose executing the document, number of pages, paragraphs, words orletters, content, security feature, serial number, expiration date, typeof material, etc. The query may request information regarding biologicaltissue, for example date of specimen, identifier for specimen or subjectfrom which the specimen as derived, name of subject, gender, type oftissue, temperature, heart rate, oxygen level, levels of toxics, proteinlevels, reported conditions such as aches, nausea, dizziness, coughing,swelling, etc.

At 1554, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 receiveadditional data. As noted above, the additional data may take any of avariety of forms. The additional data may be a measurable or observablecharacteristic. For example a measurable or observable characteristic ofan object, media or biological tissue.

At 1556, the test device 14 and/or computing system 18 employs theadditional data in determining whether the medium is authentic. Forexample, the test device 14 or computing system 18 may employ theadditional data to increase a confidence level in a match, or to find aclosest match. Also for example, the test device 14 or computing system18 may alternatively, or additionally employ the additional data to orto reduce the number of reference samples to which the measured or testresponse will be compared. This may advantageously reduce processingtime and use of computational resources.

While not generally discussed above, the computing system 18 orassociated separate accounting system (not shown) may track usage by afinancial entity, such as a business (e.g., corporation, partnership,sole proprietorship, limited liability company), a division of abusiness, a non-profit, a government (e.g., federal, state orprovincial, county or parish, city or town), of division of a government(e.g., agency, department)). The financial entity is an entityfinancially obligated for the various transactions occurring on theevaluation system 10. The financial entity may, for example, be theowner, operator, lessee, or otherwise in control of test devices 14and/or database 20, 34. Such is accounting methods and structures arediscussed in more detail in commonly assigned U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 60/834,662, filed Jul. 31, 2006 using Express MailNo. EV448396842US.

Further, while not discussed above, the computing system 18 mayauthenticate the test device 14 and/or user of the test device 14. Forexample, the computing system 18 may verify a user identifier and/ordevice identifier. Additionally, or alternatively, the computing system18 may verify a password and/or personal identification number (PIN).The computing system 18 may employ other approaches to authenticatingthe test device 14 and/or user. Additionally, or alternatively, thecomputing system 18 may determine whether the test device 14 and/or userof the test device 14 has sufficient permission to access the data. Thecomputing system 18 may check one or more permission data structures todetermine a level of access granted to the testing device 14 and/or userof the test device 14. Access may, for example, be limited to datarelated to certain objects. Alternatively, or additionally, data may belimited to authorized personnel with, for example with respect toidentification of individuals and/or bodily tissue. Other restrictionsmay of course apply. Such security methods and structures are discussedin more detail in commonly assigned U.S. provisional patent applicationSer. No. 60/834,662, filed Jul. 31, 2006 using Express Mail No.EV448396842US.

As noted above, in some embodiments, the sequence may also define avariety of temperatures for the sources 44, where such temperatures canbe controlled, for example by one or more heaters such as resistors (notshown) and/or one or more thermoelectric coolers (not shown). Such isdiscussed in more detail in commonly assigned U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 60/834,662, filed Jul. 31, 2006 using Express MailNo. EV448396842US.

FIG. 52 shows a test device 14 according to one illustrated embodiment,positioned next to a dime to illustrate a possible size of the testdevice, and with all sources simultaneously illuminated to betterillustrate the various wavelengths of the sources. FIG. 53 shows thetest device 14 of FIG. 52 with one source illuminated during operation.FIG. 54 shows the test device 14 of FIG. 52 with another sourceilluminated during operation.

Rather than illuminating a specimen with broadband white light and usinga prism to separate wavelengths onto a large array of detectors, thetest device illuminates the specimen with multiple light sources ofdifferent narrowband spectra and measure the reflected light with asingle detector—allowing us to produce devices that are cheaper,smaller, and lighter weight.

The simplest embodiment of the test device 14 includes a singlephotodiode light sensor (arrow in FIG. 52) and multiple surface-mountlight emitting diodes (LEDs), that project different spectra of light(with peak wavelengths at different shades of infrared, red, orange,yellow, green, blue, violet, ultraviolet). In the simplest drivingscheme, the LEDs are turned on, one at a time (e.g., FIGS. 53 and 54),to project light onto a specimen. The specimen reflects a portion of thelight back to the photodiode of the test device, which converts thelight energy to an output voltage level—essentially taking a snapshot ofthe specimen for each LED. The photodiode voltage levels form a spectralsignature for the specimen, which is stored in a small file.

FIG. 55 shows a monitor and displaying a screen of a user interface,according to an illustrated embodiment. FIG. 55 shows the basic form ofthe test device 14 collecting a spectral signature of a paint sample andsending data to a host computer. FIG. 55 shows one exemplary spectralsignature plotted in white on a black background.

The software interface on the computer can be navigated with a mouse orwith verbal commands captured with speech recognitionalgorithms—enabling hands-free control of the device for a user in thefield. The test device acquires multiple spectral signatures per second,and plots them in real-time on the screen for the user. A set ofproprietary algorithms compares the spectral signature to a database ofknown signatures, and quantifies the closeness of the match (reported asroot mean square). E.g., in FIG. 55, the specimen is identified as paintsample W-F-720 and the signatures are a 99.682% match. New items can beadded to the database on-the-fly. As noted above, the database can bestored locally in a mobile device, on a nearby computer, or on a remoteserver. Proprietary encryption algorithms are used to transmit spectralsignatures to a remote server.

FIG. 56 shows a test device 14 according to an illustrated embodiment,positioned next to a dime to illustrate a possible size.

FIG. 57 shows a test device 14 being used to test a piece of currency,according to an illustrated embodiment. Some aspects of testing arediscussed in U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/820,938,filed Jul. 31, 2006.

EXAMPLES Example 1 ID/Passport Verification

A pattern database of passport photos of every U.S. citizen may besearchable within seconds to confirm their identity. For securitypurposes, the search patterns for the entire database may be changed,for example, in less than thirty minutes or even on demand. This mayreduce or eliminate identification document fraud, and also reduces oreliminates the cracking the security code.

The object evaluation system 10 can verify a passport or otheridentification documentation as follows:

When a passport application is submitted, a photo is included which willbe affixed to a validly issued passport. The photo identifies the personsubmitting the application. Once the issuing authority determines that apassport is to be issued, the issuing authority will generate and storeat least one known reference pattern associated with the photo (thereference object 50 in this example), as well as other identityinformation relating to the identity of the person to whom the passportis issued, such as the person's name, physical characteristics, address,social security number, etc. (other issuance information can also beincluded if necessary, such as for example the date of issuance). A datafile containing the reference pattern 202 (FIG. 6) and associatedidentity information is stored in the data structure 200 with aplurality of other reference patterns 202 generated by the issuingauthority for other validly issued passports. The issued passportcontaining the photo is then sent to the person who submitted theapplication.

At a security checkpoint, for example at an airport terminal, a passportis provided by a traveler for identification purposes. The passport(sampled object 50) is provided to the test device 14 of the system 10.A region is selected within the passport photo (the sampled object 50 inthis example) for which a spectrum measuring device of the test device14 measures the spectral contents, i.e., color information, and outputsinformation indicative of the same to the computing system 18 ormicroprocessor 56 operating spatial analysis software.

The spectral content information outputted by the spectrum measuringdevice is provided as input to the spatial analysis software program,which generates a measured pattern for the sampled passport photo. Insome embodiments, the measured pattern may be in the XYZ color space,and/or the measured pattern can be observed from virtually any angle.The measure pattern (or a view key generated therefrom) is compared tothe plurality of reference patterns stored in the passport issuingauthority's database (or view keys generated therefrom) until a matchingreference pattern is found. If a matching reference pattern is notfound, then the passport is deemed to be a fraud by the spatial analysissoftware. If a match is located, identity information associated withthe matching reference pattern is analyzed to determine if the identityinformation for the matching reference pattern substantially correspondsto the identity information associated with the sampled passport photo.

At least a portion of the identity information associated with thesampled passport photo is generally located within the passport, and canbe provided to the spatial analysis software for analysis (e.g., by theuser entering or scanning the identity information present in thepassport), and/or the identity information within the passport can beprovided to the human user to perform the comparison. If the identityinformation associated with the sampled passport photo matches theidentity information associated with the matching reference pattern, thepassport photo will be deemed an authentic and validly issued passport(i.e., not a forgery) by the spatial analysis software, and the travelerwill be permitted to proceed past the security checkpoint.

Further, it should be understood that the materials used to constructthe passport (or other identification documentation materials) can bevalidated against known spectral or color data. The paper and inks canbe checked to determine if the passport itself is a forgery, not justthe photo or information printed on the document.

Example 2 Document Authentication

The object evaluation system 10 can be used to detect forgeries of adocument of value, such as money or bank notes, or other sensitivedocuments operates as follows:

When a document is validly produced, the producing entity generates andstores at least one reference pattern 202 for the original document (thereference object 50 in this example), as well as other identityinformation relating to the identity or characteristics of the document,such as the date it was produced, a general title for the document, keyterms or monetary value, etc. A data structure 200 containing thereference pattern 202 and identity information associated with thereference pattern 202 is then delivered or made available to an eligiblerecipient of the original document.

When the recipient is later presented with a document (sampled object50), the recipient can use the object evaluation system 10 to check theauthenticity of the presented document, i.e., to determine whether thepresented document is the original document or of the same quality ororigin as the original document. It should be understood that if thedocument is one that is duplicated, such as a dollar bill for example,then only reference patterns for one representative document needs to beused for authentication.

The presented document is provided to a spectrum measuring device of thetest device 14. A region is selected within the presented document (thesampled object 50 in this example) for which the spectrum measuringdevice measures the spectral content and outputs information indicativeof the same to the computing system 18 or microprocessor 56 operatingspatial analysis software.

The spectral content information outputted by the spectrum measuringdevice is provided as input to the spatial analysis software, whichgenerates a measured pattern for the sampled document. The measuredpattern (or a view key generated therefrom) is compared to the specificreference pattern 202 previously generated for the original document (ora view key generated therefrom). If the measured pattern does not matchthe reference pattern 202, then the presented document is deemed aforgery by the spectral analysis software. If the measured patternmatches the reference pattern, then the presented document is deemedauthentic by the spectral analysis software and the recipient can acceptthe presented document.

For further authentication, the identity information associated with theoriginal document can also be compared to identity informationassociated with the presented document to determine if theysubstantially correspond. At least a portion of the identity informationassociated with the presented document is generally located within thedocument, and can be provided to the spatial analysis software foranalysis (e.g., by the user entering or scanning the identityinformation present in the document), and/or the identity informationwithin the presented document can be provided to the human user toperform the comparison.

Example 3 Product Monitoring

The object evaluation system 10 can be used for brand protection toverify the authenticity of a product based on the make of its material(e.g., fabric colors) operates as follows:

When a manufacturer mass produces a product, at least one referencepattern 202 for a representative of the product (the reference object 50in this example) is generated and stored in the reference pattern datastructure 200, as well as identity information associated with theoriginal product, such as the name or style of the product, a serialnumber, a color description, a size, the manufacturer's name andaddress, etc.

To determine if the product (sampled object 50) is of the same qualityor of the same origin as the original representative product, adistributor or individual consumer can provide the product to be sampledto the object evaluation system 10. A region is selected within thesampled product (the sampled object 50 in this example) for which aspectrum measuring device of the test device 14 measures the spectralcontent and outputs information indicative of the same to the computingsystem 18 or microprocessor 56 operating spatial analysis software.

The spectral content information outputted by the spectrum measuringdevice is provided as input to the computing system 18 or microprocessor56 executing the spatial analysis software, which generates a measuredpattern for the sampled product 50. The measured pattern (or a view keygenerated therefrom) is compared to the reference patterns 202 in thedata structure 200 (or view keys generated therefrom) until a matchingreference pattern 202 is found. If a matching reference pattern is notfound, then the sampled product 50 is deemed to be a fraud. If a matchis located, then the identity information associated with the matchingreference pattern is analyzed to determine if the identity informationfor the matching reference pattern substantially corresponds to theidentity information associated with the sampled product. At least aportion of the identity information associated with the sampled product50 is generally located on a label or tag on the product, or observableby a human user, and can be provided to the computing system 18 ormicroprocessor 56 executing the spatial analysis software for analysis(e.g., by the user entering or scanning the identity information presentin the label or tag or obtained from observation), and/or the identityinformation associated with the matching reference pattern can beprovided to the human user to perform the comparison. If the identityinformation associated with the sampled product 50 matches the identityinformation associated with the matching reference pattern, the sampledproduct 50 will be deemed authentic and the purchase and/or distributionof the sampled product 50 can proceed. If the measured pattern does notmatch the reference pattern 202, then the sampled product 50 is deemed aknock-off or tampered product.

Thus, the object evaluation system 10 can be utilized for brandprotection to verify the authenticity of products based on the make oftheir fabric colors with the pattern of the original product indatabase, the system 10 can compare a knock off versus the real productin a matter of minutes by scanning any area of the product for which adatabase pattern exists. In a preferred embodiment, once the fabric hasbeen scanned, a view key is selected to obtain a pattern file. Thispattern file will be compared against a pattern from an authentic fabricsample on our database from the same view key point.

Art forgery is anther area of product verification that the objectevaluation system 10 can be used. That is, spectral data can be takenfrom one or more regions of a valuable piece of art and this spectraldata could be used to authenticate copies or unknown works.

Quality Control of Manufacturing Process

The object evaluation system 10 can be also be used for quality controlof manufacturing processes to maintain quality control on practicallyany manufactured good or the packaging for the good. In this regard, thesystem 10 would operate as follows:

When a manufacturer mass produces a product, a variety of referencepatterns 202 can be taken from the product (reference object 50) atdifferent locations or areas within the manufacturing process. Todetermine if the manufacturing process is operating properly, readingscan be taken from the products (sampled objects 50) during actualmanufacturing and compared to the reference patterns 202 to determinewhether the manufacturing process is operating to predetermined qualitycontrol standards. Depending upon the results of the comparison, themanufacturing process can be shut down or modified (if the comparisonshows unacceptable quality control) or subsequent parts of themanufacturing process can be actuated. For example, if the product(sampled object 50) was a loaf of bread being baked within an oven, thenreadings could be taken of the loaf of bread and compared with thereference patterns 202 until the comparisons indicate the loaf of breadis ready to be removed from the oven.

Quality Control/Nondestructive Testing of Manufactured Products

The object evaluation system 10 can also be used for quality control ornondestructive testing or evaluation of manufactured products. Such maybe employed to test or evaluate products over the lifetime of suchproducts, for example to detect cracks, stress or strain formationand/or deterioration in products that occurs during use. Such may beuseful in the periodic or ad hoc inspection or maintenance of products.Such may be particularly advantageous for inspecting products which aresubject to cyclic loading, for example aircraft fuselages, wings andother parts, submarines hulls, or turbines, etc. Such may beparticularly advantageous for inspecting products which are subject toenvironmental factors, for example, ultraviolet radiation, wind,temperature fluctuations, freezing, high temperatures, moisture,lightning strikes, etc.

When a manufacturer mass produces a product, a variety of referencepatterns 202 can be taken from the product (reference object 50) atdifferent locations on the product. The references patterns may coverthe entire surface of the manufactured product or may cover portions ofthe product known or suspected of being susceptible to fatigue,cracking, stress and/or strain. The reference patterns 202 may be takenwhen the product is new, used, or subject to some set of conditions.

From time to time during the life of the product or assembly includingthe product, samples are taken of the product or portion thereof. Forexample, the product or portion thereof may be sampled using the testdevice 14 in the manner discussed above, periodically or in an ad hoctiming. The samples are compared to the reference patterns 202.Differences between the samples and the reference patterns 202 mayindicate development of fatigue, cracking, stress and/or strain or otherdeterioration in the manufactured product. In some embodiments, thereference patterns 202 may represent a product that is new or relativelynew and that has not been subject to cyclic loading or otherenvironmental factors. In some embodiments, the reference patterns 202may represent a product that has been subject to cyclic loading or otherenvironmental factors, but still represents a product that is consideredsafe and within a defined set of safety tolerances.

Alternatively, or additionally, a match between the samples and thereference patterns 202 may indicate development of fatigue, cracking,stress and/or strain in the manufactured product or other deterioration.In such embodiments, the reference patterns may represent a product thathas been subject to cyclic loading or other environmental factors tosuch a degree that the product is considered unsafe and/or outside of adefined set of safety tolerances.

Depending upon the results of the comparison between the samples and thereference patterns 202, the product or assembly may be taken out ofservice and destroyed, recycled, rebuilt or repaired.

Some embodiments may employ photonic band gaps created by the particularcharacteristics of the manufactured product to allow detection of theappearance of fatigue, cracks, strain, stress or other deterioration.For example, a crack that is not visible to the unaided eye may create aphotonic band gap that is clearly discernable in the comparison to thereference patterns. Also for example, fatigue, strain, stress or otherdeterioration that is not otherwise visible to the unaided eye maycreate a photonic band gap that is clearly discernable in the comparisonto the reference patterns. Such may produce a sample that represents theproduct or portion thereof in three-dimensions, for example, where acrack extends into a surface of the manufactured product.

Some embodiments may employ relatively long wavelengths (e.g., infrared)to penetrate below the surface of the manufactured product. Such mayallow detection of below surface optical characteristics indicative offatigue, cracks, strain, stress or other deterioration. Such may producea sample that represents the product in three-dimensions.

Some embodiments may employ coatings and/or optical filters such as oneor more diffraction gratings to enhance the appearance of opticalcharacteristics indicative of fatigue, cracks, strain, stress or otherdeterioration. For example, FIG. 58 shows a test device 14 being usedwith a photostress coating 1600 applied to the product 50 and apolarizing film 1601 overlying the photostress coating 1600 to performinspection for fatigue, cracks, stress, strain or other deterioration ona manufactured product 50 such as a portion of an aircraft, according toan illustrated embodiment. Such materials are commercially available,for example from Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. of Malvern, Pa.

Some embodiments may employ magnification to enhance the appearance ofoptical characteristics indicative of fatigue, cracks, strain, stress orother deterioration. For example, FIG. 59 shows a test device 14 beingused with a lens system 1602 (shown in cross-section), to performroutine inspection for fatigue, cracks, or other deterioration in aproduct during the life of the product. For instance, opticalelectromagnetic radiation may be provided via one or more lens to thetest device 14 from the product being sampled. Such may allow focus on aspecific portion of the product.

Some embodiments may employ one or more substances applied to themanufactured product to improve visualization of fatigue, cracks stress,strain or other deterioration. For example, a fine dust or powder may beblown or otherwise applied to the product. Alternatively, a liquid orgel may be flowed or otherwise applied to the product. Suchvisualization materials may have a size sufficiently small to inhabit acrack or micro-crack. The crack might not otherwise be visible to theunaided eye, or may not be visible even with the visualization material.Such visualization material may have a charge (e.g., static charge) thatcauses the visualization material to be retained by the crack. Suchvisualization material may be retained in a crack even after othervisualization material is removed from the product, for example by beingblown or washed. The visualization material may enhance the ability todiscern a crack using the test device 14, since such visualizationmaterial would produce a different spectral signature than themanufactured product. In some embodiments, the visualization materialmay take the form of nanoparticles (e.g., nano-sized particles of gold,silver, carbon).

In some embodiments, the system 10 may be employed to monitor thequality, health or other characteristics of goods, products, for examplefluids or products which flow (e.g., grain, powder, gels, etc.). Thegoods, products, or fluids may, for example, take the form ofmanufactured goods, products or fluids. For instance, the quality orhealth of lubricants or fuels may be monitored. Such lubricants or fuelsmay or may not be refined. Also for instance, the quality or health offluids such as coolants may be monitored. Such coolants may or may notbe refined or otherwise manufactured.

For instance, a spectral response of a lubricant, fuel or coolant may becompared with spectral responses of reference samples of lubricants,fuels or coolants with known characteristics that may be indicative ofthe quality or health of the lubricant, fuel or coolant. Suchcharacteristics, may for example include, or be indicative of, varyingdegrees or concentrations of particulates or contaminants, and/orphysical or chemical changes. Such may, for instance, be indicative ofviscosity or ability to provide suitable levels of lubrication, energyand/or heat transport. Such may allow the monitoring of goods, productsor fluids, useful in a variety of circumstances, for instance inmachinery which employs lubricants, fuel and/or coolant. In someembodiments, the monitoring may be performed on a periodic ornon-periodic basis during routine maintenance or service checks. Suchmonitoring may include the withdrawal of a sample or specimen of thegood, product or fluid, for instance withdrawal of a sample of alubricant, fuel or coolant. In some embodiments, the monitoring may beperformed without the withdrawal of a sample or specimen.

FIG. 60 shows a supply system 1650 that allows monitoring to beperformed without the withdrawal of a sample or specimen, according toone illustrated embodiment.

The supply system 1650 may supply one or more components to a piece ofmachinery 1652. For example, the supply system 1650 may supply one ormore fluids 1654 to the piece of machinery 1652. Such fluids 1654 may,for example, take the form of lubricants, fuels, and/or coolants. Thesupply system 1650 includes conduit 1656 to provide a fluidcommunicating path to the piece of machinery 1652. The supply system1650 may optionally include one or more pumps 1658 to move the fluid1654 through the conduit 1656. The pump 1658 may take any form suitablefor the particular fluid 1654 and application, including but not limitedcompressors, fans, rotary pumps, impeller, etc. The supply system 1650may optionally include one or more filters 1660 coupled to the conduit1656 and configured to remove containments from the fluid 1654. Thefilter 1660 may, or may not, include one or more catalysts. AlthoughFIG. 60 illustrates the filter 1660 positioned immediately following themachinery 1652, other embodiments may position the filter 1660 in otherlocations in the supply system 1650 and/or may include additionalfilters at other locations. The supply system 1650 may optionallyinclude a reservoir 1662 to store the fluid 1654.

One or more test devices 14 may be positioned at various locations inthe supply system 1650 to monitor the quality or health of the fluid1654. For example, one test device 14 a may be positioned immediatelyfollowing the filter 1660 to ensure that fluid 1654 coming from thefilter 1660 has one or more desired characteristics. Characteristicsinclude, but are not limited to, level or percentage of particulates orimpurities, viscosity, heat transfer ability or thermal mass, chemicalor physical makeup. The test device 14 a may also allow a determinationto be made as to whether the filter 1660 is correctly functioning. Forexample, detecting particulates above a certain range or threshold mayindicate that the filter 1660 is clogged or ineffective and needs to bechanged or replaced.

Also for example, a test device 14 b may be located to immediatelyfollowing the machinery 1652, for example before the filter 1660. Thetest device 14 b allows a determination to be made as to the quality orhealth of the machinery. 1652. For example, detecting particulates abovea certain range or threshold may indicate that the machinery 1652 is notreceiving sufficient lubrication or some parts are out alignment andgrinding together. Also for example, detecting a change in the physicalor chemical attributes may indicative excessive heat which may beindicative of a problem with the machinery 1652, conduit 1656, and/orcoolant.

Further, one or more test devices 14 c may be positioned in or on themachinery 1652. The test device 14 c may monitor material within or onthe machinery 1652, for example fluids 1654, for instance lubricants,fuels and/or coolants. Additionally, or alternatively, the test devices14 c may monitor or other aspects of the operation of the machinery 1652or supply system 1650. Additionally, or alternatively, a test device 14c may be positioned in, on or proximate an active component of thesupply system 1650, for example the pump 1658 or a valve or actuator.

The test devices 14 a, 14 b may be positioned in other locations, may beomitted, and/or additional test devices 14 may be employed. For example,the test device may be located with the machinery 1652 where such testdevice is able to withstand the rigors (e.g., temperature, vibration,stress, force, pressure) of operation. Portions of the conduit 1656 maybe designed, formed or positioned to facilitate the operation of thetest devices 14. For example, a portion or all of the conduit 1656 maybe transparent or translucent to a particular range or ranges ofelectromagnetic radiation employed by the test devices 14. Also forexample, a portion or all of the conduit may be designed, formed orpositioned to adjust a speed of the fluid 1654, for instance, allowing apooling of the fluid. As a further example, a portion or all of theconduit may be designed, formed or positioned to adjust or provide adesired spatial dimension (e.g., thickness, width) of the fluid suitablefor measuring responses.

Such testing may be performed continuously, periodically orintermittently. Such testing may advantageously allow real time resultsfrom operating machinery. Such may advantageously eliminate the need foradditional equipment (e.g., sample or specimen holders, etc.) which mayrequire special handling or disposal procedures. Monitoring the qualityor health of goods, products and/or fluids may be employed in a varietyof applications. For example, the monitoring of the quality or health oflubricants, fuels and/or coolants may be employed in applicationsincluding but not limited to vehicles such as ships, aircraft, cars,trucks, buses, trolleys, trains, without regard to fuel source, and toother machinery including but not limited to motors, engines, turbines,generators, presses, drills, bores, or any other device with movingparts, whether or not such machinery is used in a vehicle.

The above description of illustrated embodiments, including what isdescribed in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limitthe embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Although specificembodiments of and examples are described herein for illustrativepurposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as will be recognized bythose skilled in the relevant art. The teachings provided herein of thevarious embodiments can be applied to other systems for recognizing,identifying, verifying, authenticating, classifying, and/or diagnosingor otherwise evaluating objects such as, but not limited to,manufactured goods and articles; media, for example identity documents,financial instruments, legal documents, other documents and other media;and biological tissue, not necessarily the exemplary networkedevaluation system generally described above.

For example, images of a test object may be useful for more than simplespectral analysis. For instance, the image information may be employedby other image/pattern recognition algorithms to, for example, identifyobjects independent of, or in conjunction with the test object'sspectral composition. Additionally, the image recognition algorithms canusefully interact with the spectral analysis algorithms. For instance,image analysis may be employed to locate a target area within an imageof the test object, and carry-out a detailed spectral analysis of thetarget art. For example, the test device 14 may capture an image of anidentification document, such as a passport, at any orientation, find atarget area on the identification document (e.g., 3 mm to the left ofthe lower right hand corner of a photo carried by the passport), andperform a spectral analysis of that target area, which is known tocontain particularly useful spectral information. The target area mayadvantageously be kept confidential to maintain security of the system.In addition to this interaction between spectral analysis and spatialanalysis, there can be more complex analyses performed, for examplewhere a signature form a test object comprises a multi-dimensionaldataset of spectral information at multiple points in space on the testobject.

A possible advantage may include low manufacturing cost testing. LEDsare mass-produced commodity items and thus are very inexpensive (e.g.,fractions of a cent when purchased in bulk). The other components in oursystem, such as photodiodes are also quite inexpensive, enabling us toproduce the Cyclops at a fraction of the cost of competing technologies.The material costs for a simple test device unit can be well under fivedollars. Conversely, customers are used to purchasing photospectrometersfor hundreds to tens of thousands of dollars.

A possible advantage may include the small size and light weight. Oneembodiment is the diameter of a dime.

A possible advantage may include high speed. At least one embodimentscans approximately 10 objects per second, and the prototype beingdeveloped now is capable of scanning thousands of objects per second.

As noted above, there are numerous applications. For example,authentication. Since the test device reads the spectral signatures thatare naturally present in objects, it is not necessary to implant manmademarkers (such as RFIDs, barcodes, chemical tracers, or encryptedgraphics). Even if such markers are fairly inexpensive per unit, suchtechnology scales poorly—as the amount of objects increases, the cost toimplement scales proportionately. A single test device can be used toidentify groups of objects of any size, and new objects can be added tothe database without any additional cost. Such may be applied toauthentication of: currency, passports, and identification cards,branded assets, Pharmaceuticals, fine art, insured goods, and/orshipping crate seals, for example at ports of entry. Also for example,quality control, such as in manufacturing and pharmaceuticals.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics,and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examplescontain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understoodby those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation withinsuch block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, thepresent subject matter may be implemented via Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art willrecognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part,can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as oneor more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as oneor more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one ormore programs running on one or more controllers (e.g.,microcontrollers) as one or more programs running on one or moreprocessors (e.g., microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually anycombination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing thecode for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill ofone of ordinary skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that themechanisms of taught herein are capable of being distributed as aprogram product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrativeembodiment applies equally regardless of the particular type of signalbearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples ofsignal bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following:recordable type media such as floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD ROMs,digital tape, and computer memory; and transmission type media such asdigital and analog communication links using TDM or IP basedcommunication links (e.g., packet links).

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including butnot limited to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos.60/623,881, filed Nov. 1, 2004; 60/732,163, filed Oct. 31, 2005;60/820,938, filed Jul. 31, 2006; 60/834,662, filed Jul. 31, 2006;60/834,589, filed Jul. 31, 2006; 60/871,639, filed Dec. 22, 2006;60/883,312, filed Jan. 3, 2007; 60/890,446, filed Feb. 16, 2007; U.S.Pat. No. 8,081,304, issued Dec. 20, 2011; and U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 13/302,978, filed Nov. 22, 2011, are incorporatedherein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments canbe modified, if necessary, to employ systems, circuits and concepts ofthe various patents, applications and publications to provide yetfurther embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A method of evaluating biological tissue, themethod comprising: during a first period, sequentially illuminating atleast a first portion of a biological tissue being evaluated with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a first sequence; duringthe first period, measuring a plurality of responses to the illuminationfrom at least the first portion of the biological tissue beingevaluated; comparing the measured responses of the first period to afirst set of reference responses to illumination of a reference specimenof biological tissue; and identifying the portion of biological tissuebased at least in part on the comparison of the measured responses ofthe first period to the first set of reference responses.
 17. The methodof claim 16, further comprising: during a second period, sequentiallyilluminating at least a second portion of the biological tissue beingevaluated with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy; duringthe second period, measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the second portion of the biological tissuebeing evaluated; comparing the measured responses of the second periodto a second set of reference responses to illumination of the referencespecimen of biological tissue; and identifying the portion of thebiological tissue based at least in part on the comparison of themeasured responses of the second period to the second set of referenceresponses.
 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising: during asecond period, sequentially illuminating at least a second portion ofthe biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in the first sequence; during the second period,measuring a plurality of responses to the illumination from at least thesecond portion of the biological tissue being evaluated; comparing themeasured responses of the second period to a second set of referenceresponses to illumination of the reference specimen of biologicaltissue; and identifying the portion of biological tissue based at leastin part on the comparison of the measured responses of the second periodto the second set of reference responses.
 19. The method of claim 16further comprising: during a second period, sequentially illuminating atleast the first portion of the biological tissue being evaluated with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a second sequence, thesecond sequence different from the first sequence; during the secondperiod, measuring a plurality of responses to the illumination from atleast the first portion of the biological tissue being evaluated;comparing the measured responses of the second period to a second set ofreference responses to illumination of the reference specimen ofbiological tissue; and identifying the portion of biological tissuebeing evaluated based at least in part on the comparison of the measuredresponses of the second period to the second set of reference responses.20. The method of claim 16 wherein sequentially illuminating at least afirst portion of a biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality ofbands of electromagnetic energy in a first sequence includessequentially illuminating at least the first portion of the biologicaltissue being evaluated with electromagnetic energy from bands within avisible portion, an infrared portion or an ultraviolet portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.
 21. The method of claim 16 whereinsequentially illuminating at least a first portion of a biologicaltissue being evaluated with a plurality of bands of electromagneticenergy in a first sequence includes selectively turning respective onesof a plurality of sources ON and OFF in an order defined by the firstsequence.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein selectively turningrespective ones of the sources ON and OFF in an order defined by thefirst sequence includes selectively applying current to respective onesof the sources in the order defined by the first sequence.
 23. Themethod of claim 21 wherein selectively turning respective ones of thesources ON and OFF in an order defined by the first sequence includesselectively applying current at a plurality of different levels torespective ones of the sources, where the order and the level is definedby the first sequence.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein selectivelyapplying current at a plurality of different levels to respective onesof the sources, where the order and the level is defined by the firstsequence includes selectively applying current at the plurality ofdifferent levels to respective ones of a plurality of light emittingdiodes, at least some of the light emitting diodes having an emissionspectra at a first current level that differs from an emission spectraof other of the light emitting diodes at the first current level. 25.The method of claim 16 wherein identifying a portion of biologicaltissue based at least in part on the comparison of the measuredresponses of the second period to the second set of reference responsesincludes classifying the portion of biological tissue.
 26. The method ofclaim 16, further comprising: receiving additional data indicative of atleast one of a measurable or an observable bodily characteristic of asubject to which the biological tissue derives, and wherein identifyingthe portion of biological tissue is based at least in part on theadditional data.
 27. A method of facilitating diagnosis using biologicaltissues, the method comprising: during a first period, sequentiallyilluminating at least a first portion of a biological tissue with aplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in a first sequence; duringthe first period, measuring a plurality of responses to the illuminationfrom at least the first portion of the biological tissue; comparing themeasured responses of the first period to a first set of referenceresponses to illumination of a reference specimen of biological tissue;and diagnosing at least the first portion of biological tissue based atleast in part on the comparison of the measured responses of the firstperiod to the first set of reference responses.
 28. The method of claim27, further comprising: during a second period, sequentiallyilluminating at least a second portion of the biological tissue beingevaluated with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy; duringthe second period, measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the second portion of the biological tissuebeing evaluated; comparing the measured responses of the second periodto a second set of reference responses to illumination of the referencespecimen of biological tissue; and diagnosing the portion of thebiological tissue based at least in part on the comparison of themeasured responses of the second period to the second set of referenceresponses.
 29. The method of claim 27, further comprising: during asecond period, sequentially illuminating at least the first portion ofthe biological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in a second sequence, the second sequencedifferent from the first sequence; during the second period, measuring aplurality of responses to the illumination from at least the firstportion of the biological tissue being evaluated; comparing the measuredresponses of the second period to a second set of reference responses toillumination of the reference specimen of biological tissue; anddiagnosing the portion of biological tissue being evaluated based atleast in part on the comparison of the measured responses of the secondperiod to the second set of reference responses.
 30. The method of claim27 wherein sequentially illuminating at least a first portion of abiological tissue being evaluated with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in a first sequence includes sequentiallyilluminating at least the first portion of the biological tissue beingevaluated with electromagnetic energy from bands within a visibleportion, an infrared portion or an ultraviolet portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.
 31. The method of claim 27 whereinsequentially illuminating at least a first portion of a biologicaltissue being evaluated with a plurality of bands of electromagneticenergy in a first sequence includes selectively turning respective onesof a plurality of sources ON and OFF in an order defined by the firstsequence.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein selectively turningrespective ones of the sources ON and OFF in an order defined by thefirst sequence includes selectively applying current at a plurality ofdifferent levels to respective ones of the sources, where the order andthe level is defined by the first sequence and at least some of thesources have an emission spectra at a first current level that differsfrom an emission spectra of other of the sources at the first currentlevel.
 33. The method of claim 27 wherein comparing the measuredresponses of the first period to a first set of reference responses toillumination of a reference specimen of biological tissue includescomparing the measured responses of the first period to the set ofreference responses to illumination of a normal specimen of biologicaltissue.
 34. The method of claim 27 wherein comparing the measuredresponses of the first period to a first set of reference responses toillumination of a reference specimen of biological tissue includescomparing the measured responses of the first period to the set ofreference responses to illumination of an abnormal specimen ofbiological tissue.
 35. The method of claim 27, further comprising:receiving additional data concerning the biological tissue beingevaluated, and wherein identifying the portion of biological tissue isbased at least in part on the additional data.
 36. The method of claim35 wherein receiving additional data concerning the biological tissuebeing evaluated includes receiving data indicative of at least one of ameasurable or observable bodily characteristic of a subject to which thebiological tissue derives.
 37. The method of claim 46, furthercomprising: providing a query for the additional data.
 38. The method ofclaim 27 wherein sequentially illuminating at least a first portion of abiological tissue with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy ina first sequence includes sequentially illuminating at least a firstportion of a bodily fluid with the plurality of bands of electromagneticenergy in the first sequence.
 39. The method of claim 38 whereinsequentially illuminating at least a first portion of a bodily fluidwith the plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in the firstsequence includes sequentially illuminating at least a first portion ofblood with the plurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in the firstsequence.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein sequentially illuminatingat least a first portion of blood with the plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in the first sequence includes sequentiallyilluminating at least the first portion of blood in vivo with theplurality of bands of electromagnetic energy in the first sequence. 41.The method of claim 39 wherein diagnosing at least the first portion ofbiological tissue based at least in part on the comparison of themeasured responses of the first period to the first set of referenceresponses includes comparing the spectral responses from the firstperiod to the first set of reference responses to illumination of areference specimen of blood with a known blood sugar level.
 42. A systemuseful in evaluating biological tissue, the system comprising: means forsequentially illuminating at least a first portion of a first portion ofa biological tissue with a plurality of bands of electromagnetic energyin a sequence that may be varied from time-to-time; means for measuringa plurality of responses to the illumination from at least the firstportion of the biological tissue being evaluated; and means foridentifying the biological tissue based at least in part on a comparisonof the measured responses to a set of reference responses and based onthe sequence of illumination.
 43. The system of claim 42 wherein themeans for sequentially illuminating includes at least a first sourceoperable to emit electromagnetic energy in a first band at a first timeand in a second band at a second time, the second band being at leastpartially different from the first band.
 44. The system of claim 42wherein the means for sequentially illuminating includes a plurality ofsources each operable to emit electromagnetic energy in a respectiveband, at least one of the bands being at least partially different fromanother one of the bands.
 45. The system of claim 42 wherein the meansfor measuring a plurality of responses to the illumination includes atleast one sensor selected from the group consisting of a photodiode, aphotomultiplier, a charge-coupled device, and a multi-channel plate. 46.The system of claim 42 wherein the means for identifying the biologicaltissue is remote from the means for sequentially illuminating.
 47. Asystem useful in evaluating biological tissue, the system comprising:means for sequentially illuminating at least a first portion of a firstportion of a biological tissue with a plurality of bands ofelectromagnetic energy in a sequence that may be varied fromtime-to-time; means for measuring a plurality of responses to theillumination from at least the first portion of the biological tissuebeing evaluated; and means for diagnosing at least the first portion ofbiological tissue based at least in part on a comparison of the measuredresponses to a set of reference responses and based on the sequence ofillumination.
 48. The system of claim 47 wherein the means forsequentially illuminating includes at least a first source operable toemit electromagnetic energy in a first band at a first time and in asecond band at a second time, the second band being at least partiallydifferent from the first band.
 49. The system of claim 47 wherein themeans for sequentially illuminating includes a plurality of sources eachoperable to emit electromagnetic energy in a respective band, at leastone of the bands being at least partially different from another one ofthe bands.
 50. The system of claim 47 wherein the means for measuring aplurality of responses to the illumination includes at least one sensorselected from the group consisting of a photodiode, a photomultiplier, acharge-coupled device, and a multi-channel plate.
 51. The system ofclaims 47, further comprising: means for acquiring additionalinformation, wherein the means for diagnosing at least the first portionof biological tissue employs the additional information in forming adiagnosis.